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Biology Mine > coordination and response > Flashcards

coordination and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do receptors detect

A

stimuli and effectors produce a response

receptors in the sense organs are groups of cells that detect external stimuli

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2
Q

what are effectors

A

are cells that bring about response to stimuli. They include muscle cells and cells found in glands e.g the pancreas. Effectors respond in different ways

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3
Q

what do receptors do

A

communicate with effectors via the nervous system the hormonal system or sometimes both

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4
Q

what is the cns

A

central nervous system (cns) coordinates information

consist of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what are the 3 main types of neuron

A

sensory neuron
relay neuron
motor nueron

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6
Q

what is the job of the CNS

A

coordinate the respond accordingly

coordinated responses always need a stimulus a receptor and an effector

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7
Q

what do reflexes help

A

prevent injury

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8
Q

what are reflexes

A

automatic response to certain stimulia - they can reduce the chance of being injured

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9
Q

name the 6 steps a reflex arc goes through

A
  1. cupcake candle burns finger
  2. stimulation of the pain receptor
  3. impulses travel along the sensory neurone
  4. impulses are passed along a relay neurone, via a synapse.
  5. impulses travel along a motor neurone, via a synapse
  6. when impulses reach muscle, it contracts
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10
Q

what is the block diagram to reflect a reflex arch

A

stimulus|Receptor|sensory|Relay|Motor|Effector|respons

Neurone

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11
Q

Learn the eye with all its labels

A

p45

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12
Q

what is the conjunctiva

A

lubricates and protects the surface of the eye

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13
Q

what is the cornea

A

refracts (bends) light into the eye. The cornea is tansparent and has no blood vessels to supply it with oxygen so diffuses it from outer layers

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14
Q

what is the iris

A

controls the diameter of the pupil (the hole in the middle of the eye) and therefore how much light enters

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15
Q

what is the lense

A

focuses the light onto the retina (the light sensitive part - its covered in light receptors called rods and cones)

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16
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

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17
Q

what happens to the pupil in bright light

A

it shrinks (circular muscles contract)

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18
Q

what happens to the pupil in low light

A

it expands (circular muscles relax)

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19
Q

what is the process on focusing on near by objects

A

ciliary muscles contract, which slackens the suspensory ligment
lens becomes fat

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20
Q

what is the process on focusing on objects at a distance

A

ciliary muscles relax which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight
this makes the lens go thin

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21
Q

what happens to long sighted people

A

unable to focus on near objects
occurs when or lens doesn’t bend the light enough or the eye ball is too short. the image of near objects are bought to focus behind the retina

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22
Q

what happens to short sighted people

A

people are unable to focus on distant objects
this occurs when the cornea or lens bends the light too much or the eye ball is too long. The images of distant objects are bought into focus in front of the retina

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23
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers sent in the blood

24
Q

where are hormones released

A

released directly into the blood. They are carried in the blood plasma to other parts of the body but only affect particular cells (called target cells)

25
Q

What do Hormones control

A

control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

26
Q

what is the source of ADH

A

Pituitary gland

27
Q

what is the role of ADH

A

controls water content

28
Q

what is the effect of ADH

A

Increases the permeability of the kidney tubules to water

29
Q

what is the source of adrenaline

A

adrenal gland

30
Q

what is the role of adrenaline

A

readies the body for a fight or flight response

31
Q

what is the effect of adrenaline

A

increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level.

32
Q

what is the source of insulin

A

pancreas

33
Q

what is the role of insulin

A

helps control the blood sugar level

34
Q

what is the effect of insulin

A

stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

35
Q

what is the source of testosterone

A

testes

36
Q

what is the role of testosterone

A

main male sex hormone

37
Q

what is the effect of testosterone

A

promotes male secondary sexual characteristics

38
Q

what is the source of progesterone

A

ovaries

39
Q

what is the role of progesterone

A

supports pregnancy

40
Q

what is the effect of progesterone

A

maintains the lining of the uterus

41
Q

what is the source of oestrogen

A

ovaries

42
Q

what is the role of oestrogen

A

main female sex hormone

43
Q

what is the effect of oestrogen

A

controls the menstrual cycle and promotes female secondary sexual characteristics

44
Q

3 characteristics of nerves

A

1) very fast message
2) act for a very short time
3) act on a very precise area

45
Q

3 characteristics of hormones

A

1) slower message
2) act for a long time
3) act in a more general way

46
Q

what is the role of homeostasis

A

involves balancing body functions to maintain a ‘constant internal environment’

47
Q

why does the body need to balance inputs and outputs

A

to allow the body to remain steady

48
Q

what is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

49
Q

what is body temperate

A

around 37 degress c

50
Q

why is the body temperature maintained at 37 degrease

A

to allow enzymes to work best

51
Q

what is an important role the skin plays

A

to maintain body temperature

52
Q

what happens when your too hot

A

1) lots of sweat is produced
2) blood vessels close to the surface of the skin widen
3) hairs lie fat

53
Q

what happens when your too cold

A

1) very little sweat is produced
2) blood vessels near the surface constrict
3) you shiver
4) hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer which helps keep you warm

54
Q

do smaller organisms

a) cool down quicker
b) warm up quicker

A

both as larger surface area allows for faster heat transfer

55
Q

do plants respond to stimuli

A

yes

56
Q

what Is the name of the hormone which stimulates plant growth

A

auxin

Biology Mine (7 decks)

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