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Edexcel iGCSE Biology > Coordination and Response > Flashcards

Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any change in the internal or external environment

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2
Q

What are receptors?

A
  • Detect Stimuli
  • The sense organs (eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin)
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3
Q

What are effectors?

A
  • Cells that bring about a response to a stimuli
  • Muscle cells contract and cells in glands secrete hormones
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4
Q

How do receptors communicate with effectors?

A

Via the nervous system or hormonal system, or sometimes both

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5
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal chord only

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6
Q

What are synapses?

A

The connection between two neurones

Nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap, setting off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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7
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic responses to certain stimuli; usually to prevent injury

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8
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

The route taken by the information in the reflex (receptor to effector)

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9
Q

What is the simplest explanation of a reflex arc ?

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory Neurone
CNS
Motor Neurone
Effector
Response

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10
Q

Describe your body’s reaction when a finger touches a flame

A
  1. The candle (stimulus) burns the finger (receptor)
  2. Stimulation of pain sends an electrical impulse down the sensory neurone to the CNS
  3. At the CNS, the sensory neurone passes the impulse onto a relay neurone
  4. The impulses travel along onto a motor neurone
  5. When the impulses reach the muscles, they contract
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11
Q

Describe your eye’s reaction to a sudden change in light, from dim to bright

A
  1. The bright light (stimulus) are detected by the light receptors in the eye
  2. Impulses are sent down the sensory neurone to the CNS
  3. Impulses go from the CNS to the relay neurone
  4. Impulses go through the motor neurone, via synapses and cause the circular muscles to contract
  5. The pupil gets smaller
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12
Q

What is the sclera?

A

A tough outer layer that protects the eye

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13
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Refracts light into the eye

Transparent with no blood vessels; oxygen diffuses from the surface

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14
Q

What is the iris?

A

Controls the diameter of the pupil, and how much light enters the eye.

Made of circular muscles and radial muscles

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15
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The hole in the middle of the eye

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16
Q

What is the lens?

A

Focuses light on the retina

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17
Q

What is the retina?

A

The light sensitive part of the eye. Covered in rods and cones

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18
Q

When are rods more sensitive?

A

Dim light, but can’t sense colour

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19
Q

What are cones more sensitive to?

A

Colour, but not good in dim light

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20
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

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21
Q

What happens to the iris in bright light?

A

The circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax, making the pupil smaller

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22
Q

What happens to the iris in dim light?

A

The radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax, making the pupil bigger

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23
Q

How does the shape of the lens change when looking at distant objects?

A

The ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligaments contact

This stretches the lens, making it long and thin (able to attract all the scattered light rays)

Refracts the light by a smaller amount

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24
Q

How does the shape of the lens change when looking at near objects?

A

The ciliary muscles contract and the suspensory ligaments relax

This shortens the lens, making it fat and short

Refracts the the light by a larger amount

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25
Q

What are short-sighted people unable to focus on? (Hyperopia)

A

Distant objects

Cornea or lens bend the light too much, causing the image to be brought into focus in front of the retina

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26
Q

What are long-sighted people unable to focus on? (Myopia)

A

Near objects

Cornea or lens don’t bend the light enough, causing the image to be brought into focus behind the retina

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27
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers carried in the blood plasma to other parts of the body

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28
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Glands

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29
Q

Where is adrenaline made?

A

The adrenal glands (on top of the kidneys)

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30
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

Readies the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response

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31
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, blood flows to muscles and blood sugar increases

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32
Q

Where is insulin made?

A

Pancreas

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33
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Control the body’s sugar levels

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34
Q

What are the effects of insulin?

A

Stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

35
Q

Where is testosterone made?

A

Testes

36
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A

Promotes male secondary sexual characteristics

37
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

Main male sex hormone

38
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Supports pregnancy

39
Q

Where is progesterone made?

A

Ovaries

40
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus

41
Q

Where is oestrogen made?

A

Ovaries

42
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Main female sex hormone

43
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen?

A

Controls the menstrual cycle
Promotes secondary female sexual characteristics

44
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

45
Q

Where is ADH made?

A

Pituitary glands

46
Q

What is the role of ADH?

A

Control water content in the body

47
Q

What are the effects of ADH?

A

Increases the permeability of the water tubules

48
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

49
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising Hormone

50
Q

Where is FSH made?

A

Pituitary gland

51
Q

Where is LH made?

A

Pituitary gland

52
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Female sex hormone

53
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Female sex hormone

54
Q

What are the effects of FSH?

A

Causes an egg to mature in the ovary
Stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen

55
Q

What are the effects of LH?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg from an ovary

56
Q

What are the characteristics of a nervous message?

A
  • Very fast message
  • Act for a very short time
  • Act on a very precise area
57
Q

What are the characteristics of a hormonal message?

A
  • Slower message
  • Act for a long time
  • Act in a more general way
58
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

59
Q

Why do conditions in the body need to be kept steady?

A

So that cells can function properly. Involves balancing inputs and outputs

60
Q

How is water taken into the body?

A

Food and drink

61
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A
  • Through the skin as sweat
  • Through the lungs in breath
  • Through the kidneys as urine
62
Q

How much will you sweat on a hot day or when you’re exercising?

A

Sweat a lot

63
Q

How much will you sweat on a cold day or when you’re not exercising?

A

Don’t sweat much

64
Q

What will your urine be like on a hot day?

A
  • Less urine produced
  • More concentrated (deeper colour) urine
65
Q

What will your urine be like on a cold day?

A
  • More urine produced
  • Less concentrated and pale (Waste carried in urine is more diluted)
66
Q

What is the body’s optimum temperature?

A

37C

67
Q

Why does the body maintain its temperature at 37C?

A

All enzymes work best at a certain optimum temperature. Most enzymes in the body work best at this temperature

68
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels close to the surface widen to cool you down

This allows more blood to flow near the surface and transfer heat energy into the surroundings

69
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels close to the surface narrow (constrict) to cool you down

This allows less blood to flow near the surface and less heat energy is transferred into the surroundings

70
Q

What does your body do when it’s too hot?

A
  • Lots of sweat is produced
  • Vasodilation
  • Hairs lie flat
71
Q

What does your body do when it’s too cold?

A
  • Very little sweat produced
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Shiver
  • Hairs stand on end
72
Q

Why does sweating cool you down?

A

When the sweat evaporates, it transfers energy from your skin to the environment, cooling you down

73
Q

Why does shivering warm you up?

A

By shivering, you increase your rate of respiration
This transfers more energy to warm the body

74
Q

Why does your hair stand on end when your cold?

A

They trap an insulating layer of air, which helps keep you warm

75
Q

Why do smaller organisms cool down quicker?

A

Bigger SA:V

Can gain lose (or gain) heat faster because there is more area for the heat to transfer across

76
Q

Why is it helpful to have a bigger SA:V in a hot climate?

A

Smaller organisms can lose heat more easily in hot climates, reducing the chance of them overheating

77
Q

Why is it unhelpful to have a bigger SA:V in a cold climate?

A

Lose their body heat easily to the climate

78
Q

What are auxins?

A

Plant growth hormones that control the growth at the tips of roots and shoots

79
Q

What tropic responses does a shoot have?

A

Positive phototropism (grow towards light)
Negative geotropism (grow away from gravity)

80
Q

What tropic responses do roots have?

A

Positive geotropism (grow towards gravity)
Negative phototropism (grow away from light)

81
Q

What happens when a shoot is exposed to light? (positive phototropism)

A
  • It accumulates more auxin in the side that’s in the shade than the side in the light
  • Makes the cell elongate faster on the shaded side
  • The shoot bends towards the light
82
Q

What happens when a shoot is growing sideways? (negative geotropism)

A
  • Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin at the tip, with more on the lower side
  • Causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards
83
Q

What happens when a root is exposed to light? (negative phototropism)

A
  • More auxin accumulates on the shaded side
  • The auxin inhibits cell elongation on the shaded side
  • The root bends downwards into the ground
84
Q

What happens when a root is growing sideways? (positive geotropism)

A
  • Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin at the tip, with more on the lower side
  • This extra auxin inhibits its growth
  • The cells on top elongate faster and the root bends downwards

Edexcel iGCSE Biology (10 decks)

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