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Biology > Coordination and control > Flashcards

Coordination and control Flashcards

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0
Q

What are stimuli?

A

Changes in the environment

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1
Q

What does the nervous system allow people to do?

A

React to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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2
Q

What detects stimuli?

A

Cells called receptors

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3
Q

What is the pattern of reflex arcs?

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector, response

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4
Q

Why is it important for adrenaline to be released in stressful situations?

A

So your body can prepare to either fight or flight. This helps to increase chances of survival in dangerous situations

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5
Q

What do electrical impulses travel along?

A

Along neurons

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6
Q

What is diffusion?

A

When particles are in a high concentration and they move about to places with low concentration to make it balanced

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7
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The space between two neurons

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8
Q

How do signals pass from one neuron to another?

A

A neurotransmitter chemical is released into the synapse

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9
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitter when reaches the other neuron?

A

It fits into a tailor-made receptor on the surface of the target neuron. The second neuron receives the signal. The chemical is then absorbed by the reuptake, channel ready to be used again

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10
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles or glands

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11
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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12
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Muscle development, secondary sexual characteristics

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13
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

How do hormones travel?

A

In the blood to target organs. They attached to complimentary receptors on target cell membranes

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15
Q

How do you increase your temperature?

A

Eating to provide calories, shivering, hair raising, exercise, respiration, environment, putting on clothes

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16
Q

How do you decrease your temperature?

A

Sweating, cold drinks, environment, fan, taking off clothes

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17
Q

How do you increase the amount of water in your body?

A

Drinking water, eating, respiration

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18
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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19
Q

How do you decrease the amount of water in your body?

A

Going to the toilet, sweating, tears, water vapour, vomit

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20
Q

How do you increase the amount of glucose in your body?

A

Eating and drinking

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21
Q

How do you decrease the amount of glucose in your body?

A

Respiration for energy, time between meals

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22
Q

How do you increase the amount of ions in your body?

A

Sodium chloride (food), drinks, chemical reactions

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23
Q

How do you increase the amount of ions in your body?

A

Urine, sweat, faeces

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24
Q

What is homoeostasis?

A

The process by which a body tries to control things, such as water, blood, temperature, and ions

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25
Q

Why do bodies need homoeostasis?

A

So all levels of blood, water etc don’t rise or fall too much, because it could be life-threatening

26
Q

How does homoeostasis work?

A

It detects changes in the bodies internal environment, and regulates a response

27
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions. It is a protein

28
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They break down things in your body, but are not broken down themselves

29
Q

How do enzymes denature?

A

If the temperature is too high

30
Q

What happens if someone’s body temperature increases above 40 to 42°C?

A

Possible death from heatstroke and heat exhaustion

31
Q

What is the normal body temperature?

A

37°C

32
Q

What happens when your body temperature drops below 35°C?

A

Possible death from hypothermia

33
Q

What happens if you drink too much water?

A

It’s thins the blood and cells burst because they take in too much water

34
Q

What happens when you do not have enough water in your body?

A

You become dehydrated

35
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle

36
Q

What is a commonly used ion?

A

Salt NaCl

37
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A long line of glucose molecules

38
Q

How is insulin produced?

A

By the pancreas

39
Q

What does insulin store?

A

Its stores glucose as glycogen

40
Q

What happens when the body has above the average blood sugar levels?

A

Go hyperactive, have an episode and the body shuts down

41
Q

What happens when you have below the average blood sugar level?

A

Have an episode on the body shuts down

42
Q

What is the order of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation, uterus lining thickens, ready to receive embryo, breaks down if no implantation

43
Q

What is another word for egg cell?

A

Corpus luteum

44
Q

What does FSH do ?

A

Causes eggs to mature, stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen

45
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes the lining of the womb to develop, inhibits FSH production, stimulates the release of a mature egg

46
Q

In relation to contraception, why did families 100 years ago have lots of children?

A

Because they didn’t have any effective methods of contraception, unless they had an operation which had high risks and were very painful

47
Q

How does the contraceptive pill work?

A

The contraceptive pill may contain oestrogen and progesterone. Some are only progesterone pills. The contraceptive pill prevents the production of FSH so no eggs mature

48
Q

How has the contraceptive pill changed over time?

A

Smaller doses are now given, they are takes for 21 days. But they are now more likely to increase breast cancer because of different chemical amounts

49
Q

How many types of contraceptive pill are there?

A

3

50
Q

What is IVF?

A

In vitro fertilisation

51
Q

Why might people need to use IVF?

A

If the Fallopian tubes are damaged and the woman can’t get pregnant naturally

52
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide+water+sunlight chlorophyll -> oxygen+ glucose

53
Q

What is the reverse of photosynthesis?

A

Respiration

54
Q

What do plant roots need for cellular reactions to happen?

A

Nitrates, phosphates and potassium

55
Q

What do palmy shoots allow the plant to do?

A

Photosynthesise as they are above the plant

56
Q

What is hydrotropism?

A

A growth response due to water

57
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A growth response due to light

58
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

A growth response due to gravity

59
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone

60
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Speeds up growth on one side of the plant so it can lead towards the sun

61
Q

The root grows more on the side with ….. auxin

A

Less

62
Q

The shoot grows more on the side with …… auxin

A

More

63
Q

Name two glands that secrete hormones to control the menstrual cycle

A

Ovaries, pituitary gland

Biology (5 decks)

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