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Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell?

Give an exanple

A

Single cell organism

Bacteria

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2
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell?

Give an example

A

Complex and include animal and plant cells

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3
Q

Name the parts (subcellular structures) of animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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4
Q

Function of a nucleus?

A

contains genetic material and controls activities of cell

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5
Q

function of mitochondria ?

A

where aerobic respiration takes place to provide energy that the cell needs

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6
Q

function of cytoplasm?

A

gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen

contains enzymes to control the reactions

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7
Q

function of cell membrane?

A

holds cell together and controls what goes in and out

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8
Q

function of ribosomes?

A

where proteins are made in the cell

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9
Q

name the parts of a plant cell that an animal cell doesn’t have

A

rigid cell wall
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts

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10
Q

function of rigid cell well?

A

made of cellulose, it supports and strengthens the cell

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11
Q

function of vacuole?

A

contains cell sap - a weak solution of sugar and salts

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12
Q

function of chloroplasts ?

A

this is where photosynthesis takes place, which makes food for the plant

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13
Q

what is the green substance in chloroplasts and what is its function?

A

chlorophyll and it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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14
Q

what type of cell is bacteria?

A

prokaryote

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15
Q

what are the sub-cellular structures in bacteria?

A

singular strand of DNA (no nucleus) that floats freely in the cytoplasm

may have small rings of DNA called plasmids

cytoplasm

cell membrane

cell wall

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16
Q

what is the smallest thing you can see with a light microscope?

A

cells and large subcellular structures

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17
Q

which type of microscope has a higher magnification and resolution?

A

electron

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18
Q

formula for magnification

A

magnification = image size/real size

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19
Q

describe how to prepare a slide

A

1) drop water onto slide
2) separate the specimen into a small layer
3) place specimen into the water on slide
4) add a drop of iodine solution
5) add a cover slip on top

20
Q

name parts of a light microscope

A

eyepiece
coarse adjustment knob
fine adjustment knob
light
stage
high and low power objective lenses

21
Q

describe how to use a light microscope

A

1) clip slide on stage
2)select lowest powered objective lens
3) use coats adjustment knob to move stage up to objective lenses
4) look down in eyepiece and use coarse adjustment knob to move the stage down until image is in focus
5)adjust focus with fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image
6)if you need greater magnification, swap to a higher powered objective lens

22
Q

what is differentiation ?

A

process by which a cell changes to become specialised for a job

23
Q

what are undifferentiated cells called?

A

stem cells

24
Q

where can you find stem cells in a plant, animal or embryo?

A

bone marrow
meristem
embryonic

25
Q

name the function of a sperm cell and how it is specialised

A

function - take make DNA to female DNA

long tail and streamlined head to help it swim

lots of mitochondria for energy

enzymes in head to digest egg cell membrane

26
Q

name function of a nerve cell and how it is specialised

A

function - carry electrical signals from
one part of body to another

long to cover distance

branches connections to connect and form a network

27
Q

name the function of a muscle cell and how it is specialised

A

function - contract quickly

long (so they have space to contract)

lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction

28
Q

name the function of a root hair cell and how it is specialised

A

function- absorb water and minerals

long to have a big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

29
Q

what is the function of phloem and xylem cells and how are they specialised?

A

function - transport food and water around plants

long cells that form tubes by joining end to end

xylem - hollow in centre
phloem - very few subcellular structures

30
Q

what can adult stem cells turn into?

A

only certain types, unless it is bone marrow in which case it can differentiate into everything

31
Q

how can embryonic stem cells be used to cure disease?

A

can transfer to a patient to replace faulty cells, for example:
-insulin producing cells for people with diabetes
-nerve cells for paralysed people

32
Q

what is a benefit of therapeutic cloning?

A

embryo would have the same genetic information as patient, and wouldn’t be rejected from the patients body

33
Q

risk of stem cell use?

A

may become contaminated with a virus in the lab and passed onto patient

34
Q

why are some people against stem cell research

A

they feel that human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments since it is potential human life & shouldn’t be valued below others

35
Q

how can stem cells be used to produce identical plants

A

use the stem cells in the meristem to grow more rare plants / plants with desired features

36
Q

what do chromosomes contain?

A

genetic information

37
Q

where are chromosomes found?

A

nucleus

38
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

coiled up length of DNA molecule

39
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes in a human cell?

A

23

40
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

process by which body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells

41
Q

what is mitosis?

A

stage of cell cycle where cell divides

42
Q

what is mitosis used for?

A

grow and develop / replace cells that are damaged

43
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

1) growth & dna replication
2) mitosis

44
Q

describe steps of growth & dna replication

A

cell grows and increases number of subcellular structures

duplicates DNA so there’s a copy for new cell

45
Q

describe steps of mitosis

A

1 - chromosomes line up at centre of cell & cell fibres pull them apart
2- membranes form around each set of chromosomes, becoming the new nuclei
3- cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
4 - now have 2 daughter cells with identical DNA

46
Q

what is diffusion?

A

gradual movement of particles from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient

Biology (5 decks)

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