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Biology Rev 5th Form > Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Coordination and Control Flashcards

Nerves and synapses Eyes Homeostasis definition Controlling blood glucose Controlling water levels (ADH) Controlling temperature and skin Adrenaline release Plant hormones

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1
Q

Where is the central nervous system made up in?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Where are the peripheral nerves located?

A

Across the whole body

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3
Q

What is the receptor in the eye called?

A

Photoreceptor

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4
Q

What is the receptor in the tongue/nose called?

A

Chemoreceptor

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5
Q

What is the receptor in the skin called?

A

Thermoreceptor

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6
Q

Why does a reflex arc occur?

A

Used for survival in the body

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7
Q

Give the reflex arc for a hot flame on the skin or a stimulus?

A
  1. Sensed and a receptor receives the stimulus
  2. This goes to the sensory neurone
  3. The the signal moves to the relay neurone (spinal cord)
  4. This then tells the muscle (effector to contract
  5. Done by a motor neurone
  6. The response is therefore carried out
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8
Q

Why does a reflex occur?

A

As it takes too long for the brain to react. A reflex is much quicker.

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9
Q

What is the stimulus?

A

A change in the environment prompting a change

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10
Q

What is the Receptor?

A

A biological sensor that senses a stimulus

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11
Q

What is the sensory neurone?

A

This transmits the electrical impulse signals to the central nervous system

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12
Q

What is the relay neurone?

A

Neurone is part of the central nervous system and has no myelin sheath. This cell receives the electrical impulse in the spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the motor neurone?

A

This transmits the electrical impulse to the effector

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14
Q

What is the effector?

A

Muscle is stimulated to contract or release a hormone

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15
Q

What is the response?

A

Outcome of the reflex

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16
Q

Where can you find a synapse?

A

Between two neurones

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17
Q

Does a gap between a synapse disrupt the pace of an electrical impulse?

A

Disrupt and makes it slower

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18
Q

What 3 things happens at the synapse during a reflex arc?

A

The chemical - neurotransmitter - diffuses across the gap, and transmits impulses or information

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19
Q

What happens to the eyes across a long distance?

A

Lens becomes long and thin
Sensory Ligaments contract
Cilary Muscles relax

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20
Q

What happens to the eyes across a short distance?

A

Lens becomes short and large
Sensory Ligaments relax
Cilary Muscles contract

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21
Q

Role of the retina in the eye?

A

Detection of light and colour by rods and cone

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22
Q

Role of the ciliary in the eye?

A

Ring of muscle which contracts and relaxes to change lens shape

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23
Q

Role of the suspensory ligaments in the eye?

A

Connect ciliary muscles to the lens

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24
Q

Role of the lens in the eye?

A

Focuses light rays onto retina

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25
Q

Role of the cornea in the eye?

A

Bends light as it enters the eye

26
Q

Role of the pupil in the eye?

A

Hole in centre of the iris allowing light to enter eye

27
Q

Role of the optic nerve in the eye?

A

Sensory neurone that carries impulses from retina to the brain

28
Q

Role of the sclera in the eye?

A

Tough outer layer of eyeball that keeps the eye in shape

29
Q

Role of the fovea in the eye?

A

Region containing the highest number of cones

30
Q

What do the rods and cones detect?

A

Rods - light intensity
Cones - Colour

31
Q

What happens to the eye in light?

A

Circular muscles contract with radial muscles relaxing - pupil become smaller

32
Q

What happens to the eye in darkness?

A

Circular muscles relax with radial muscles contracting - pupil become larger

33
Q

6 marker: I go outside at night and look at a lighthouse in the distance. How does my eye adjust to see the lighthouse?

A

-Pupil enlarges as circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax
- Lens becomes long and thin
- Sensory ligaments contract
- Ciliary muscles will relax
Allows lens to see across distance

34
Q

Give the definition of homeostasis?

A

Keeping all conditions inside the body the same. Maintaining a constant internal environment

35
Q

What is blood glucose?

A

Blood sugar levels

36
Q

What hormone is released and where to deal with a spike in glucose levels?

A

Insulin from the pancreas

37
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Breaks down glucose and causes cells to absorb the glucose - mostly liver and muscles

38
Q

When the glucose is absorbed what is it stored as?

A

Glycogen

39
Q

Why must you keep temperature constant in the body?

A

So that the body doesn’t overheat, this may impact enzymes

40
Q

Why must you keep water constant in the body?

A

So body is hydrated and osmosis can occur

41
Q

Why must you keep bloody sugar levels constant in the body?

A

Affects osmosis and brain - craving

42
Q

Why must you keep oxygen levels constant in the body?

A

Respiration and the release of energy

43
Q

Give the steps of how the body controls blood glucose when it is low?

A

Low blood glucose is detected in the pancreas. It releases a hormone called glucagon which breaks down stored glycogen. Therefore releasing glucose into the body replenishing levels.

44
Q

What happens when the body becomes too hot?

A

Start to sweat emitting water, as well as fatigue

45
Q

How does the blood vessels help when the body is too hot?

A

Vasodilation occurs and the blood vessels widen, meaning more blood can move to surface and be lost by radiation

46
Q

What happens to the behaviour of humans if they get too hot?

A

Move to shade and remove clothing

47
Q

What happens to the body when it gets too hot?

A

Shivers and blood moves away from fingers and toes

48
Q

How do the muscles and blood vessels help the body keep warm in a cold climate?

A

Shivering occurs where muscles contract releasing energy and heat
Vasoconstriction happens where blood vessels become smaller restricting blood flow to certain parts of the body, decreasing radiation of heat

49
Q

What happens to the behaviour of humans if they get too cold?

A

Move to warmer areas and put on mor clothing

50
Q

What happens to the hairs of the body when it gets cold?

A

Stand on end, this causes warm air to be trapped under hairs. Creating a convection current. Creating warmth

51
Q

How is the temperature of the body monitored?

A

Core body temperature is monitored by a part of the brain known as the thermoregulatory centre, located in the hypothalamus

52
Q

What is the role of the epidermis layer in the skin?

A

Tough outer layer which stops pathogens and acts as a water barrier

53
Q

What is the role of the dermis layer in the skin?

A

Has tough connective tissue providing strength and stability

54
Q

What is the role of the pores for sweat in the skin?

A

Holes where sweat is released

55
Q

What is the role of the hair erector muscle in the skin?

A

Tightens to give goosebumps, controls hair movement

56
Q

What is the role of the blood vessels in the skin?

A

Blood flows to allow heat to be radiated off surface of the skin

57
Q

What is the role of the sensory receptor in the skin?

A

Sends messages to hypothalamus

58
Q

What is the role of the fat layer in the skin?

A

Provides insulation to conserve heat

59
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or none at all.

60
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When the body doesn’t insulin properly, resulting in unusual blood sugar. Type 2 may be triggered by inactivity or excessive weight

Biology Rev 5th Form (2 decks)

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