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Biology > Coordination > Flashcards

Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

What is coordination ?

A

Coordination is the linking of the action of receptors and effectors

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2
Q

Name two coordinating systems

A
  • nervous system

* endocrine system

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3
Q

What are the two main parts of nervous system ?

A

•central nervous system:
brain and spinal cord
•Peripheral nervous system:
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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4
Q

What is neurone ?

A

Neurone is the basic structure and functional units of nervous system

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5
Q

What does a neurone consist ?

A

•cell body:
~ cytoplasm and nucleus
•nerve fibres :
~dendrons and axons

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6
Q

What are the functions of dendrons and axons ?

A

•Dendrons:
~transmit nerve impulse towards cell body
•axons:
~transmit nerve impulse away from the cell body

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7
Q

What is the layer of fatty materials surround the neurone called ? What is its function ?

A

•myelin sheath
•function:
~prevent the transmission of nerve impulse to the surroundings
~speed up the transmission of the nerve impulse

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8
Q

Name types of neurones

A 
•sensory neurones:
From receptors to the CNS
•motor neurones:
From CNS to effectors
•interneurones:
Connect sensory neurone to motor neurone or other interneurone
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9
Q

What is the structure of sensory neurone ?

A
  • long dendrons and short axons

* >——-0—-

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10
Q

What is the structure of motor neurone ?

A
  • long axon and short dendron

* >—-0————

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11
Q

What is the structure of interneurone neurone ?

A
  • short axon and short dendron

* >—0—-

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12
Q

What is nerve fibres ?

A

Nerve fibres is a bundle of nerves

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13
Q

What is receptors?

A

Receptors are cells which vacant detect stimuli and convert the stimuli into nerve impulse

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14
Q

What is Nerve impulse ?

A

Nerve impulses are electrical impulses which travels at a high speed along the neurone

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15
Q

What is synapse ?

A

Synapse is the point where the axon of one neurone joins the cell body or dendron of another neurone.

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16
Q

What is the importance of synapse ?

A
  • Synapse ensure the nerve impulse travels from one neurone to another neurone in one direction only.
  • allow a neurone to communicate with many other neurones
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17
Q

How are nerve impulse transmitted across a synapse?

A
  • A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob at the ending of a neurone
  • the nerve impulse stimulates the synaptic knob to release neurotransmitter.
  • the neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
  • it stimulate the dendron or the cell body to generate nerve impulse.
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18
Q

How does the CNS protected?

A

•the brain is protected by cranium and the spinal chord is protected by vertebral column
•the CNS is covered by three layers of membrane
•the space between the CNS is filled with cerebrospinal fluid:
~provide nutrients and oxygen to the neurone and remove waste from them,
~act as a shock absorbers to prevent it mechanical damage
~providing mechanical support to the brain and spinal cord to prevent it from collapsing

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19
Q

What is the structure of cerebrum ?

A
  • it is the largest part of the brain. It consists of two halves, the left and right cerebral hemispheres which are connected by nerves for communication. The left hemisphere mainly controls the right side of the body and the right hemisphere mainly controls the left side of the body.
  • it is highly folded on its surface to allow it to hold more neurones in a limited space, so that coordination can be more efficient.
  • The outer layer of the cerebrum is called cerebral cortex. It is made up of grey matter that consists mainly of the cell bodies of neurones. Their nuclei give a grey colour to this region.
  • The inner layer of the cerebrum is made up of white matter that consists of nerve fibres. The myelin sheaths of nerve fibres are creamy white, giving a white colour to this region
20
Q

What is the function of cerebrum ?

A

•The cerebrum is the site for intelligence. It enables us to think, make decisions and have memories. It controls voluntary actions e.g. speaking and writing.
•The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas that serve different functions:
~The sensory areas receive nerve impulses from various receptors interpret them to give sensations such as sight, touch, hearing, smell a and taste.
~The motor areas send out nerve impulses to effectors to produce voluntary responses.
~The association areas integrate information from different sensory areas and relate the information to past experience. Then the brain makes decisions and sends nerve impulses to the motor areas to give a response.

21
Q

What is voluntary action ?

A

Voluntary actions are actions that are under conscious control. eg. Speaking and writing

22
Q

What is structure of cerebellum?

A
  • Cerebellum is also highly folded

* outer layer is made up of grey matter, inner layer is made up of white matter.

23
Q

What is the function of cerebellum?

A

•Cerebellum coordinates the muscular movements to maintain body balance during walking,swimming and cycling

24
Q

****concepts
Incorrect:
The cerebellum controls the muscular contraction
Correct :
The cerebellum coordinates the activities of skeletal muscles for maintaining the body balance

A

Important concept **

25
Q

What is the structure medulla oblongata ?

A
  • The medulla oblongata is the most posterior part of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord.
  • Unlike the cerebrum and the cerebellum, its outer layer is made up of white matter and its inner layer is made up of grey matter.
26
Q

What is the function of medulla oblongata ?

A
  • The medulla oblongata is the reflex centre for many reflex actions in the head, e.g. saliva secretion, swallowing and coughing
  • It also controls other involuntary actions. Examples of involuntary actions controlled by the medulla oblongata include breathing, heart beat and peristalsis.
27
Q

What is involuntary action ?

A

Involuntary actions occur automatically. They are not under the control of our will.

28
Q

What is the structure of spinal cord ?

A

•The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata of the brain. It consists of two regions:
~The outer region is made up of white matter, consisting of nerve fibres only.
~The inner H-shaped region is made up of grey matter, consisting mainly of the cell bodies of neurones. At the centre of the matter is the central canal which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

29
Q

How does the spinal nerve attached to the spinal cord ?

A
  • The dorsal root contains sensory neurones which transmit nerve impulses from the receptors to the spinal cord. The cell bodies of e sensory neurones group together outside the spinal cord to form a swelling called the dorsal root ganglion.
  • The ventral root contains motor neurones which transmit nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the effectors. There is no swelling in the ventral root because the cell bodies of the motor neurones are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord.
30
Q

What is the function of spinal cord ?

A
  • it relays nerve impulse between the brain and other parts of body
  • it is also a reflex center for many reflex actions involving the trunk and limbs
31
Q

What is the characteristic of reflex action ?

A
  • rapid
  • inborn
  • involuntary
  • stereotype response
32
Q

What is the significance of rapid response of reflex action ?

A

•avoid danger and provide immediate protection

33
Q

Give examples of reflex action involve in spinal cord

A
  • withdrawal action

* knee jerk action

34
Q

Give examples of reflex action involve in medulla oblongata

A
  • saliva secretion
  • swallowing
  • coughing
35
Q

What is the mechanism of the withdrawal action ?

A
  • The hand touches a sharp object.
  • Pain receptors in the skin are stimulated and they generate nerve impulses
  • Nerve impulses travel along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
  • Nerve impulses travel along the interneurone and the motor neurone to the arm muscle.
  • The arm muscle (effector) contracts.
  • The hand withdraws to prevent damage.
36
Q

In the withdrawal reflex, nerve impulses travel from the receptor to the effector. This reflex does not involve the cerebrum. Why we can feel the pain ?

A

we can feel the pain because nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain via another nervous pathway. The withdrawal reflex is so fast that the hand has already withdrawn before the nerve impulses reach the brain and give us a sense of pain. This protects the body from damage.

37
Q

What is the function of knee jerk reflex ?

A

Helps to maintain posture and balance

38
Q

What is the mechanism of knee jerk reflex ?

A
  • The tendon just below the knee cap is tapped
  • Stretch receptor in the upper leg muscle is stimulated.
  • Nerve impulses travel along the sensory neurone.
  • Nerve impulses travel along the motor neurone to the leg muscle.
  • The leg muscle (effector) contracts
  • The leg kicks.
39
Q

What is reflex arc ?

A

Reflex arc is the nervous pathway that brings about a reflex action

40
Q

****concepts
Incorrect:
Reflex action are involuntary actions because they don’t involve the brain
Correct:
Reflex actions are involuntary actions because they do not involve the cerebrum. Some reflex actions, e.g. saliva secretion, swallowing and coughing, involve the medulla oblongata of the brain.

A

Important

41
Q

What is voluntary action ?

A

A voluntary action is action that under conscious control of the cerebrum

42
Q

There is a time lag between when the person withdrew his hand and when he felt pain. Why?

A
  • The pathway through which the nerve impulses travel to the cerebrum is longer than the reflex arc.
  • More synapses are involved.
43
Q

Why were the tests conducted with X and Y is blindfolded ?

A

To avoid the reflex actions (if any) from being affected by voluntary

44
Q

How are voluntary actions brought about?

A
  • After detecting a stimulus, the receptor generates nerve impulses which are transmitted to the CNS. (Some voluntary actions are initiated by the cerebrum without involving any stimuli)
  • The information is processed and integrated in the cerebrum which then generates other nerve impulses.
  • These nerve impulses are transmitted to the effector to produce a response
45
Q

What are the features of the response controlled by cerebrum ?

A
  • the response can be controlled voluntary
  • they are not stereotyped
  • they need to be learnt

Biology (15 decks)

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