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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biodiversity ?

A

Biodiversity refers to the wide variety of living forms on earth. It is related to the different ways in which organisms adapt to their habitats

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2
Q

What is habitat ?

A

Habitat is the place where an organism lives

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3
Q

Why do we need to classify organism ?

A

Classification helps us study organisms in a systematic way. It also help us identify the organism, understand the evolutionary history of organism

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4
Q

How are organism classified ?

A
  • Organism are classified into many groups at different level:
  • a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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5
Q

What is species?

A

Species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Below are the scientific names of four species of shrimps:
(1) Leptochela japonicus
(2) Metapenaeus japonicus
(3) Metapenaeus joyneri
(4) Metapenaeopsis dura
Which two of the above species should have the closest phylogenetic relationship?

A

(2)&(3)

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7
Q

What is the modern classification of organism ?

A

•grouped into three domains and six kingdoms
~archaea: archaebacteria
~bacteria:eubacteria
~eukarya:protists, fungi, plant, animal
•the system is based on the phylogenetic relationships of organism. It reflects the evolutionary history of the organisms

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8
Q

What is the characteristic of bacteria ?

A
  • very small
  • unicellular prokaryotes. No true distinct nucleus. Their genetic materials is a circular DNA lying free in cytoplasm
  • no membrane-bond organelles(eg. mitochondrion, chloroplast )
  • have a cell wall which is made by peptidoglycan
  • enclose by capsule
  • hair-like flagellum for locomotion
  • shape:rod,spherical,spiral
  • reproduce asexually by binary fission
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9
Q

How does the bacteria reproduced ?

A

By binary fission. Not mitotic cell division because there is no disappearance of cell membrane

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10
Q

What is the characteristic of archaebacteria ?

A
  • unicellular prokaryotes
  • smaller than bacteria
  • have cell wall
  • live in extreme environment
  • the lipids makes up the cell membrane is different than that of bacteria
  • more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
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11
Q

How are archaebacteria different from bacteria ?

A
  • the cell walls of archaebacteria doesn’t contain peptidoglycan whereas the cell walls of bacteria do
  • the structure of lipids in the cell membrane of archaebacteria is different from that of bacteria
  • archaebacteria mainly lives in extreme conditions while bacteria live in more neutral conditions
  • in terms of genetic materials, archaebacteria are closely related to eukaryote than bacteria
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12
Q

What kingdoms involved in eukarya?

A

Protista, fungi, animal and plant

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13
Q

What is the structure of Protista?

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • have true distinct nucleus and membrane-bonded organelles
  • live in water and inside other organism
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14
Q

Name the example of Protista

A
  • Protozoans
  • algae
  • slime mould
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15
Q

What is the characteristic of fungi

A
  • most are multicellular, except yeast(unicellular)
  • made up of thread-like structure called hyphae which may interweave to form mycelium
  • mycelium May form a specialized mushroom-like structure for reproduction
  • have cell walls but not made up of cellulose
  • they produce spore for reproduction
  • saprophytic nutrient: feed in dead organisms and non-living organisms
  • parasitic nutrient: cause disease of human
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16
Q

Name the example of fungi

A
  • yeast
  • bread mould
  • mushroom
17
Q

What is plant ?

A
  • Plant is autotrophs. They have chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
  • plant cells have cell wall composed of cellulose
  • plants are divided into vascular plant and non-vascular plant
18
Q

What is non-vascular plants?

A
  • No vascular tissues. So they are small and grow in shady and damp places
  • have sample stem and leaves but no true roots.
  • rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water and minerals
  • have chlorophyll for photosynthesis
  • produce spores for reproduction
19
Q

Name an example of non-vascular plants

A

Mosses

20
Q

What is vascular plant

A
  • have true roots and stems and leaves

* 3 main groups

21
Q

Name examples of vascular plants

A
  • ferns
  • canifers
  • flowering plants
22
Q

What is the characteristic of ferns ?

A
  • have large and feathery leaves
  • young leaves are curled
  • they produce spores for reproduction
  • eg.wood ferns
23
Q

What is the characteristic of canifers ?

A
  • trees with needle-shaped leaves
  • produce seeds. Seeds are not enclosed in fruits, so it also called naked seeds. They are found in cones.
  • eg. Pins, firs
24
Q

What is the characteristic of flowering plants?

A
  • produce flowers for reproduction
  • the seed is formed inside the fruits
  • divides into monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants
25
Q

What is monocotyledonous plant ?

A
  • one cotyledon

* parallel venation

26
Q

What is dicotyledon ?

A
  • two cotyledons

* net venation

27
Q

What is animal ?

A
  • heterotrophs
  • no cell wall
  • vertebrates and invertebrates
28
Q

What is invertebrate ?

A
  • no backbone (or vertebral column )

* eg. Jellyfish, earthworm, snail, ant, crab, sea urchin

29
Q

Name the groups in vertebrates

A
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
30
Q

What is the body features, method of reproduction, method of reproduction and examples of fish ?

A

•Body features:
~They have gills for gas exchange.
~They have fins for balance and movement.
~Most have slimy scales covering their bodies. •Method of reproduction:
~They carry out external fertilization (i.e. eggs are fertilized outside the body).
~Most lay eggs in water
•Control of body temperature:
~They are poikilotherms, i.e. their body temperature varies with external temperature
•Examples:Sharks, goldfish and sea horses

31
Q

What is the body features, method of reproduction, method of reproduction and examples of amphibians ?

A 
•Body features :
~They use lungs and the surface of skin to carry out gas exchange. Their larvae (tadpoles) use gills for gas exchange
~Most have four limbs 
~Their bodies are covered with moist naked skin, without hair or scales. 
•Method of reproduction :
~They carry out external fertilization.
~Most lay eggs in water.
•control of body temp:
~ They are poikilotherms. 
•Examples:Frogs, toads and salamanders
32
Q

What is the body features, method of reproduction, method of reproduction and examples of Reptiles?

A

•Body features:
~They have lungs for gas exchange ~They have dry, hard scales covering their skin.
~Most have four limbs.
•Method of reproduction:
~They carry out internal fertilization (i.e. eggs are fertilized inside the body).
~Most reptiles lay eggs with leathery or hard shells
•Control of body temperature:
~They are poikilotherms.
•Examples:Crocodiles, lizards, snakes and tortoises

33
Q

What is the body features, method of reproduction, method of reproduction and examples of Birds ?

A

•Body features
~They have lungs for gas exchange They have wings.
~They have feathers covering their bodies.
~They have dry scales on their legs.
~They have a beak and no teeth.
•Method of reproduction
~They carry out internal fertilization
~Most lay eggs with hard shells.
•Control of body temperature .
~They are homoiotherms, i.e. they can maintain a stable body temperature
•Examples Eagles, ducks, sea gulls, ostriches and penguins

34
Q

What is the body features, method of reproduction, method of reproduction and examples of Mammals ?

A 
•Body features 
~They have lungs for gas exchange.
~Most have hair covering their bodies.
~Most have pinnae.
~They have mammary glands. The mammary glands of the females are well developed in order to produce milk to feed their young 
•Method of reproduction 
~They carry out internal fertilization. 
•Control of body temperature . 
~They are homoiotherms 
•Examples :Humans, cows, pandas, bats, whales and dolphins .

Biology (15 decks)

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