Cooperation III Flashcards
None enforced benefits
X
Enforcement
One individual plays a role in promoting cooperation in another individual
None enforced
Honey guide on its own can’t take on bees nest but human can. Human leaves bits of nest that the honey guide can use, honeyguide guides humans to nest
Non enforced mutual relationship
Non enforced
Feedback benefits ??
X
A gene in a genome - anything the gene does it will affect itself when it affects the organism
What is enforcement?
Action in one individual that evolved from a cooperation in another
Three examples of enforcement
Reciprocity
Indirect reciprocity
Reward
What is reciprocal altruism?
I’ll help you and you help me
X
Direct reciprocation
You remember one individual and that individual remembers you and you are in a reciprocal pair
Indirect reciprocation
Person who helps you back (you’ve never strictly helped in your life) but they know you have helped other people
(If an individual is a cooperator and other people observe it then the individuals reputation will improve)
How is reciprocation an example of enforcement?
The threat that if you aren’t nice people won’t be nice back (so forces nice behaviour)
How is reward an example of enforcement
Plants make nectar and if they don’t make nectar bees done come back. (Reward for plants making nectar is the bees - the reward keeps this behaviour of plants making nectar enforced)
X
When something negative is done to enforce cooperation
X
Half the genome is made up of traces of transposable elements
Transposition still selected despite fact there is a cost to the host
They hop because they then have a good chance of entering new lineages in sexual species
If you remove this system from drosophila the embryos abort
PIWI
Importance of PIWI systems
PiRNAs bind to transposons
They recruit PIWI proteins
PIWI proteins in nucleus associated with DNA and Justine methylation
If detects transposing sequence being produced it shuts down the genes
In cytoplasm: PIWIproteins associated with chopping transcripts from RNA transposons
Example of enforcement
Policing in social mongoose
Policing in social mongoose example when dominants are given pill and unable to reproduce
Gave different females the pill
Could either suppress reduction of dominant or subordinate individuals
If suppress subordinate and dominant reproduce = low rates of litter loss
If suppress dominant and subordinate reproduce = litter failure (think it’s dominants killing children)
*if subordinated reproduce in absence of dominants, dominants come in and shut it down (kill children) - aggressive form of enforcement
Hymenoptra
Large order of insects
What occurs in all species of Hymenoptera ?
Haplodiploidy
What is haplodiploidy
Sex determination where
Males = from unfertilised eggs = haploid (Egg = haploid male)
Females = fertilised egg = diploid
(Egg and sperm = diploid female)
What eusociality do we get in the hymenoptra? And why?
Altruistic workers helping the queen
Because of a specific unusual pattern of reatedness
How much is a worker related to her sisters?
0.75
How much is a worker related to her daughter?
0.5
Why are workers more related to their sisters (0.75) than to their (0.5) daughters?
X
Haplodiploidy
Female = diploid Make = haploid (make always gives same copy when it mates - male is a clone)
Three reasons why the Hymenoptera order might have been prone to the evolution of cooperation and altruism
- Preadaption (they make nests, and sting - means good nest defense)
- Phylogenetic bias (laser number of species in Hymenoptera)
- Ecology (reproductive head start ????) wha-
What is important in the origin of eusociality in Hymenoptera?
Monogamy (with Haplodiploidy)
What promotes policing and further reduces competition
Multiple mating
What is important for social behaviour:
Kin discrimination in long tailed tits via song
Relatedness
What is important for social behaviour:
Endosymbiont cooperation
Shared fate/co-inheritance (being in the same boat)
Group selection
What is important for evolution of this social behaviour:
Hosts selecting cooperative symbionts
Enforcement (selecting cooperative symbionts)
What is important for social behaviour:
Matricide in fire ants based on gp-6 locus
Context = Bb kills BB queens and converts nests to Bb queen nests
Relatedness (example of spite - one individual killing another without benefitting themselves)
What is enforcement?
An action that evolves to reduce selfish behaviour within a cooperative alliance
