Cooper Chapter 13 - Schedules of Reinforcement

Question 1

adjunctive behaviors

Answer 1

Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior;

time-filling or interim activities (e.g., doodling, idle talking, smoking, drinking) that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered (also called schedule-induced behavior)

Question 2

alternative schedule (alt)

Answer 2

Provides reinforcement when the response requirements of any of two or more simultaneously available component schedules are met

Question 3

chained schedule (chain)

Answer 3

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule

Question 4

compound schedule of reinforcement

Answer 4

A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction. The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements.

Question 5

concurrent schedule (conc)

Answer 5

A schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors.

Question 6

conjunctive schedule (conj)

Answer 6

A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for two or more schedules of reinforcement

Question 7

continuous reinforcement (CRF)

Answer 7

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior

Question 8

differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD)

Answer 8

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (e.g. fewer than 5 responses per 5 minutes, fewer than 4 responses per 5 minutes, fewer than 3 responses per 5 minutes)

Question 9

differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)

Answer 9

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (e.g. more than 3 responses per 5 minutes, more than 5 responses per 5 minutes, more than 8 responses per 5 minutes)

Question 10

differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

Answer 10

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse times (IRT) or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion. Practitioners use DRL schedules to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner’s repertoire

Question 11

fixed interval (FI)

Answer 11

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced (e.g. on an FI 3-min schedule, the first response following the passage of 3 minutes is reinforced)

Question 12

fixed ratio (FR)

Answer 12

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement (e.g. an FR 4 schedule of reinforcement follows every fourth response)

Question 13

intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT)

Answer 13

A contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement

Question 14

lag reinforcement schedule

Answer 14

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way (e.g. different topography) from the previous response (e.g. Lag 1) or a specified number of previous responses (e.g. Lag 2 or more)

Question 15

limited hold

Answer 15

A situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an HI or VI interval; if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins (e.g. on an FI 5m schedule with a limited hold of 30s, the first correct response following the elapse of 5m is reinforced only if that response occurs within 30s after the end of the 5m interval)

Question 16

matching law

Answer 16

The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.

Question 17

mixed schedule of reinforcement (mix)

Answer 17

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time

Question 18

multiple schedule (mult)

Answer 18

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in alternating, usually random, sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the elements in effect at any time

Question 19

postreinforcement pause

Answer 19

The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement; an effect commonly produced by fixed interval (FI) and fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement

Question 20

progressive schedule of reinforcement

Answer 20

A schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual’s behavior; progressive ratio (PR) and progressive interval (PI) schedules are thinned using arithmetic or geometric progressions.

Question 21

progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement

Answer 21

A variation of the fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement that increases the ratio requirements incrementally within the session; PR schedule requirements are changed using (a) aritmetic progressions to add a constant number to each successive ratio or (b) geometric progressions to add successively a constant proportion of the preceding ratio

Question 22

ratio strain

Answer 22

A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding.

Question 23

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 23

A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of a contingency of reinforcement.

Question 24

schedule thinning

Answer 24

Changing a consistency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.

Question 25

tandem schedule (tand)

Answer 25

A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mix schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.

Question 26

variable interval (VI)

Answer 26

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order. The mean duration of the intervals is used to describe the schedule (e.g. on a VI 10m schedule, reinforcement is delivered for the first response following an average of 10 minutes since the last reinforced response, but the time that elapses following the last reinforced response might range from 30 seconds or less to 25 minutes or more.)

Question 27

variable ratio (VR)

Answer 27

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. The number of responses required varies around a random number; the mean number of responses required for reinforcement is used to describe the schedule (e.g. on a VR 10 schedule an average of 10 responses must be emitted for reinforcement, but the number of responses required following the last reinforced response might range from 1 to 30 or more)

Question 28

Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement ffor other behavior; time-filling or interim activities (e.g., doodling, idle talking, smoking, drinking) that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered (also called schedule-induced behavior)

Answer 28

adjunctive behaviors

Question 29

Provides reinforcement when the response requirements of any of two or more simultaneously available component schedules are met

Answer 29

alternative schedule (alt)

Question 30

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules musti be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule

Answer 30

chained schedule (chain)

Question 31

A schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more elements of continuous reinforcement (CRF), the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (FR, VR, FI, VI), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (DRH, DRL), and extinction. The elements from these basic schedules can occur successively or simultaneously and with or without discriminative stimuli; reinforcement may be contingent on meeting the requirements of each element of the schedule independently or in combination with all elements.

Answer 31

compound schedule of reinforcement

Question 32

A schedule of reinforcement in which tow or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors.

Answer 32

concurrent schedule (conc)

Question 33

A schedule of reinforcement that is in effect whenever reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for two or more schedules of reinforcement

Answer 33

conjunctive schedule (conj)

Question 34

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior

Answer 34

continuous reinforcement (CRF)

Question 35

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer thabn a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (e.g. fewer than 5 responses per 5 minutes, fewer than 4 responses per 5 minutes, fewer than 3 responses per 5 minutes)

Answer 35

differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD)

Question 36

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals (e.g. more than 3 responses per 5 minutes, more than 5 responses per 5 minutes, more than 8 responses per 5 minutes)

Answer 36

differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)

Question 37

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse times (IRT) or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion. Practitioners use DRL schedules to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner’s repertoire

Answer 37

differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

Question 38

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced (e.g. on an FI 3-min schedule, the first response following the passage of 3 minutes is reinforced)

Answer 38

fixed interval (FI)

Question 39

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement (e.g. an FR 4 schedule of reinforcement follows every fourth response)

Answer 39

fixed ratio (FR)

Question 40

A contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement

Answer 40

intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT)

Question 41

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way (e.g. different topography) from the previous response (e.g. Lag 1) or a specified number of previous responses (e.g. Lag 2 or more)

Answer 41

lag reinforcement schedule

Question 42

A situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an HI or VI interval; if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins (e.g. on an FI 5m schedule with a limited hold of 30s, the first correct response following the elapse of 5m is reinforced only if that response occurs within 30s after the end of the 5m interval)

Answer 42

limited hold

Question 43

The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.

Answer 43

matching law

Question 44

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence; no discriminative stimuli are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time

Answer 44

mixed schedule of reinforcement (mix)

Question 45

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in alternating, usually random, sequence; a discriminative stimulus is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the elements in effect at any time

Answer 45

multiple schedule (mult)

Question 46

The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement; an effect commonly produced by fixed interval (FI) and fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement

Answer 46

postreinforcement pause

Question 47

A schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual’s behavior; progressive ratio (PR) and progressive interval (PI) schedules are thinned using arithmetic or geometric progressions.

Answer 47

progressive schedule of reinforcement

Question 48

A variation of the fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement that increases the ratio requirements incrementally within the session; PR schedule requirements are changed using (a) aritmetic progressions to add a constant number to each successive ratio or (b) geometric progressions to add successively a constant proportion of the preceding ratio

Answer 48

progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement

Question 49

A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding.

Answer 49

ratio strain

Question 50

A rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of a contingency of reinforcement.

Answer 50

schedule of reinforcement

Question 51

Changing a consistency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval; it results in a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.

Answer 51

schedule thinning

Question 52

A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mix schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain.

Answer 52

tandem schedule (tand)

Question 53

A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order. The mean duration of the intervals is used to describe the schedule (e.g. on a VI 10m schedule, reinforcement is delivered for the first response following an average of 10 minutes since the last reinforced response, but the time that elapses following the last reinforced response might range from 30 seconds or less to 25 minutes or more.)

Answer 53

variable interval (VI)

Question 54

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. The number of responses required varies around a random number; the mean number of responses required for reinforcement is used to describe the schedule (e.g. on a VR 10 schedule an average of 10 responses must be emitted for reinforcement, but the number of responses required following the last reinforced response might range from 1 to 30 or more)

Answer 54

variable ratio (VR)