Chapter 18 - Verbal Behavior Flashcards
autoclitic
The ____ relation involves two interlocking levels of verbal behavior emitted in one utterance. One level is a primary response (e.g., “The ice is solid”), while the other type is the secondary ___ response (e.g., adding “I think”). ___ behavior benefits the listener by providing additional information regarding the primary response.
automatic contingencies
Skinner (1957) used “automatic” to identify circumstances in which behavior is evoked, shaped, amintained, or weakened by environmental variables occurring without direct manipulation by other people. All behavioral principles (e.g., reinforcement, extinction, punishment) can affect our behavior automatically.
bidirectional naming
A higher-order verbal cusp consisting of the fusing together of the speaker and listener repertoires in bidirectional relations (Horne & Lowe, 1996). A new word acquired as listener can generate a tact without further training, and a new word acquired as a tact can generate a listener relation without further training (these effects are consistent with emergent symmetry and mutual entailment).
codic
A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with point-to-point correspondence, but without formal similarity. There is also a history of generalized reinforcement.
compound verbal discrimination
Involves 2 or more verbal SDs (convergent multiple control) that each independently evoke a behavior, but when they both occur in the same antecedent configuration, a different SD is generated, and more specific behavior is evoked.
copying text
An elementary verbal operant involving a written response that is evoked by a written verbal SD that has formal similarity and a history of generalized reinforcement.
duplic
A type of verbal behavior where the form of the response is under the functional control of a verbal stimulus with formal similarity, and a history of generalized reinforcement.
echoic
An elementary verbal operant involving a vocal response that is evoked by a vocal verbal SD that has formal similarity between an auditory verbal stimulus and an auditory verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement.
elementary verbal operants
Michael’s (1982) term for Skinner’s (1957) taxonomy of 5 different types of speaker behavior (i.e., expressive language) distinguished by their antecedent controlling variables and related history of consequences: mand, tact, intraverbal, duplic, and codic.
formal similarity
Occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode (e.g., both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other. Verbal relations with formal similarity are echoic, copying a text, and imitation as it relates to sign language.
intraverbal
An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal SD that does NOT have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus. The intraverbal is the opposite of the echoic, in that the words emitted by one speaker do not match the words of another speaker. Intraverbal behavior constitutes the basis for social interaction, conversations, and much of academic and intellectual behavior. Questions are mands, and answers are intraverbal.
listener
Someone who provides reinforcement for a speaker’s verbal behavior. A listener may also serve as an audience evoking verbal behavior. The distinction between listener and speaker is often blurred by the fact that much of a listener’s behavior may involve becoming a speaker at the convert level (e.g., thinking about what was said). A speaker may also serve as her own listener.
listener discrimination
When a verbal SD evokes a specific nonverbal behavior, due to a history of reinforcement
mand
An elementary verbal operant involving a response of any form that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement. ____ allows a speaker to get what she wants or refuse what she does not want.
motor imitation (relating to sign language)
A type of duplic verbal behavior in which the form of motor response is under the functional control of a visual verbal SD that has formal similarity between a verbal stimulus and a verbal response product, and a history of generalized reinforcement.
multiple control
There are two types of multiple control. Convergent multiple control occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more than one variable (i.e., what is said has more than one antecedent source of control). Divergent multiple control occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one response.
point-to-point correspondence
A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response. The verbal relations with point-to-point correspondence are echoic, copying text, imitation as it relates to sign language, textual, and transcription.
private events
Covert eventy typically accessible only to the person experiencing them. Skinner’s radical behaviorism holds three major assumptions about private events: (a) private events are behavior; (b) behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other (“public”) behavior only by its inaccessibility; and (c) private behavior is influenced by (i.e., is a function of) the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior.
selection-based (SB) verbal behavior
A category of verbal behavior in which the speaker points to or selects a particular stimulus; what is conveyed to the listener is the information on the stimulus selected
simple verbal discrimination
A single component word or phrase evokes a nonmatching intraverbal response (e.g., Ready set…. go!)
speaker
Someone who engages in verbal behavior by emitting mands, tacts, intraverbals, autoclitics, etc. A speaker is also soemone who uses sign language, gestures, signals, written words, codes, pictures or any form of verbal behavior.
tact
An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement. Tacting allows a speaker to identify or identify the features of the physical environment. The elements that make up one’s physical environment are vast; thus, much of language instruction and educational programs focus on teaching tacts.
tact extension
Once a tact has been established, the tact response can occur under novel stimulus conditions through the process of stimulus generalization. Skinner (1957) identifies 4 different levels of generalization based on the degree to which a novel stimulus shares the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus. The four types of tact extension are generic, metaphorical, metonymical, and solecistic.
taking dictation
An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or fingerspelled response that does not have formal similarity between the stimulus and the response, but does have point-to-point correspondence and a history of generalized reinforcement.
