Controversy 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Social Class- Historians in favour (4)
A
- Storm over the Gentry
- Tawney + Lawrence Stone (1950s): Rising gentry vs falling nobility – Marxist interpretation (Capitalism overcoming feudalism)
- Brian Manning (1976): Party of the elite vs Party of the peasants
- Ian Gentles: Majority of highest nobility supported Royalists
2
Q
Social Class- Factual detail in favour (7)
A
- Gentry component increased from 50% to 75% in the 16th-17th century
- Price Revolution’- Gradual inflation wore away at land prices (Chris Hill)
- Royalist Propaganda emphasised opposition’s social inferiority (Over 100 discovered)
- Earl of Holland & Derby executed after the War
- Earl of Holland & Derby donated £250,000 to Royalist war effort
- Marquess of Worcester bought marquessate for £100,000 - their futures were reliant on Royal victory
- Stour Valley Riots 1642 saw discontented clothiers attack houses of the aristocracy
3
Q
Social class- factual detail against (6)
A
- 4000 Gentry on either side
- In Yorkshire, of gentry in financial decay who took sides, 3/4 chose Royalists
- 6 fathers and sons on opposing sides at Edgehill (Eg. Edmund Verney)
- Bristol 1643- Labourers + Sailors join plot to betray Parl’s city to Prince Rupert
- Majority of poor In East Anglia supported Parliament whilst the gentry seemed outspoken for Royalists
- Very easy to move between gentry class and aristocracy
- -> As of James I, gentry could by their Lordships (As the Marquess of Worcester did for £100,000 in 1643)
- -> A Lord’s younger sons would be ranked as mere gentlemen (gentry)
4
Q
Argument on Social class
A
Clearly not a war between classes. However, shouldn’t completely dismiss. For those at the extremes of either spectrum, class and particularly a fear of social disorder was a powerful motivator for side orienation
5
Q
Localism- Historians in favour (4)
A
- Morrill: “How best to safeguard their property”
- Alan Everitt, ‘The English Revolution’ (1968): Theory of County Community- local rivalries and more care about locality than central politics
- Conrad Russell: ‘Parliament & English Politics’ (1979): Functional breakdown (Court vs Country) + JPs cared more about locality
- Lucy Hutchinson- “Civil War in every county” - battle between committed minorities for allegiance of the Counties to a particular side
6
Q
Localism- Yes factual detail (6)
A
- Kent: Sandyses of Northbourne Abbey had history of opposition to Duke of Richmond & St. Legers- they went on to fight in opposing sides
- Staffordshire Gentry rose task force to keep away outsiders
- Leicester shut their gates
- Devon 1645- tactical alliance with Fairfax as Goring (Current leader) was a greater threat to provincial liberties than the NMA
- Summer 1642- Charles failed to convince any Yorkshire Gentry to accompany him to Nottingham
- August 1643- London Trained Bands chant “Home, home” as they are travelling to Gloucester
7
Q
Localism- Historians against (4)
A
- Ann Hughes: “Highly integrated and centralised political system” –> Only Gentry applicable to localism as they held economic + political interest in localities
- Mark Stoyle: Everyone- even the peasantry- held an interest in national politics
- Cust + Hughes: Ideological factors were present in the thinking of the entire nation eg. divine prerogative vs social contract
- Clive Holmes used research on Eastern Association Army to display conflict was not as simple as Localism portrays + wider political awareness
8
Q
Localism- Factual detail against (6)
A
- England had one Common Law & one body for national taxation (Compared to other European nations at the time, this was significant)
- Clubmen Association in Devon was shown to have strong partisan sympathies towards Royalists (Clubmen more for neutralism?)
- Goldsmith, Richard Bennet imprisoned for speaking seditious words about Parliament and Pym
- Greater political Awareness: 62 contested elections vs 24 (1640 vs 1629)
- Greater distribution of poltical propaganda- Increase from 450 prints in 1639 to 3500 in 1642
- Formation of Eastern Association Army in Dec 1642 out of 7 county militias displayed wider political awareness
9
Q
Localism Argument
A
Localism was important but was often overcome by ideological issues. Neutralism was a more significant factor in explaining attempts to look after the county as many held knowledge of national interests.
10
Q
Religion- Historians in favour (5)
A
War of Religion Debate
- John Morrill- “Not the First European Revolution; the last of the Wars of Religion”
- -> “Religion was the factor that drove minorities to fight and majorities to make reluctant choices”
- Gardiner Supports Morrill- “Constitutional reasons alone were not the sole ideological drivers”
- Lawrence Stone 1970s: Changed Marxist interpretation- still saw divide between gentry + nobility but differences based on religion rather than economics
- Nicholas Tyacke- Laudianism was the truly revolutionary force and led to national anti-episcopy and Purtian militancy
- Morrill supports Tyacke: “It is almost impossible to overestimate the damage caused by the Laudians”
11
Q
Religion- Yes factual detail (7)
A
- In Yorkshire, 1/3 of Royalist army were Catholic and 1/2 of Parliamentary army were Puritan
- In Norwich at Shrovetide 1642, 500 men wielding swords and pistols rallied to defend the Cathedral’s organ against Puritan iconoclasts
- Judith Maltby found petitions from 22 English and 6 Welsh counties defending the Book of Common Prayer and Episcopacy
- Nearly 500 banners for the field and regimental officers have survived: Of the Parliamentary ones, 72% make reference to religion, compared to 50% for the Royalists
- Parliamentary crowds in their thousands invaded and plundered the houses of the landed classes- with the exception of one prominent royalist family (The Lucases) all those attacked were suspected of being Roman Catholics
- Multiple acts of popular iconoclasm: attacks on the houses of catholics by Clothworkers in Essex and Suffolk and sailors on the East Coast
- Many supported Parliament for a desire for a Godly Commonwealth: Preacher, Stephen Marshall repeated his godly sermon, ‘Meroz Cursed’, over 60 times to different elements or the Parliamentary army throughout the course of the Civil War
Robert Douglas, a Covenanter, marched for 73 days between Mary and July 1644 and heard 35 sermons.
12
Q
Religion- Historians against (4)
A
- Ann Hughes & Richard Cust- Puritanism was not inherently opposed to monarchy but the failings of Charles’ I encouraged this united opposition
- Hughes + Cust: “do not share the tendency to see religion as a phenomenon hermetically sealed from other aspects of life” (Revisionist + PR)
- Hutton- Religion was only a factor for Parliament’s side taking (Royalists contained all sorts)
- Nicholas Tyacke: Couldn’t distinguish between Puritans & Anglicans (eg. George Abbot) and it’s only in hindsight that historians are developing these divides
13
Q
Religion- Factual detail against (5)
A
- In Yorkshire, 1/3 of Royalist army were Catholic and 1/2 of Parliamentary army were Puritan
- George Abbot, Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury between 1611 and 1633 was a ‘Puritan’ by definintion i.e. believed in predestination, wanted rid of popish remnants of the church & concentrated on preaching rather than ceremony
- Lord Falkland said, “they who hated bishops hated them worse than the devil, and they who loved them did not love them so well as their dinner”
- 15,000 Puritans emigrated to New World during 1630s due to oppression of Laud (Religious grievances didn’t cause war or sides- Other forms of resistance)
- Wales was strongly anti-catholic and after the Irish rebellion (Oct 1641) saw itself firmly in the Parliamentary camp over religious reform BUT come 1642, Wales unanimously moved over to Royalist support
14
Q
Religion argument
A
Religion was a more important factor for Parliament than Royalists. Laudianism was the major instigator of religious tensions. Religion was not a sole factor, and was intermixed with other factors.
15
Q
Geographical Location- Historians in favour (3)
A
- David Underdown (1985)- Forests, Pastures + Clothing regions tended towards Parliament VS Arable + Downland tended towards Royalists
- Alan Everitt- Religion and tendency to rebel depended on the type of land you lived on
- Christopher Hill and Ann Hughes have noted how industrial, urban areas, cloth-towns and ports tended to be Parliamentarian + Progressive
16
Q
Geographical Location- Factual detail in favour (2)
A
- Underdown researched 3 counties, all coming out with conclusions supporting his thesis
- Yorkshire, one of the largest areas for arable farming, supported the King
17
Q
Geographical Location- Historians against (2)
A
Similar to localism arguments
- Ann Hughes + Cust: Centralised political system- locality wasn’t significant enough to overcome ideological factors
- Mark Stoyle: Everyone- even the poorest peasantry- held national political views
18
Q
Geographical Location- Factual detail against (5)
A
- Buchanan studied Sommerset, where Underdown had researched and found that he was wrong
- Wood found Underdown to be wrong in case of Derbyshire
- Edmund Waller claimed within London, 38% supported Royalists and 62% of suburbs supported Royalists
- Morrill studied Essex: By Underdown’s theory they should have been parliamentarian but Morrill found it was actually evenly split
- Heartland of Parliament’s support lay in the populous, arable farming areas of Midlands & East Anglia
19
Q
Geographical Location argument
A
Interesting argument on a local level but evidently not applicable to the nation as a whole.
20
Q
Neutralism- Historians in favour (4)
A
- John Morrill - “Fear of disorder drove some men into royalism; it drove far more into neutralism”
- Fletcher - Months into the war, there were a large number of petitions for peace after P previously being popular (Long term signs of passive neutralism)
- Clarendon- “The number of these who desired to sit still was greater than of those who desired to engage either party”
- Coward- The commonest reaction was neutralism
21
Q
Neutralism- Factual detail for (6)
A
- 22 Neutrality treaties amongst counties + Treaty of Bunbury Dec 1642
- 10 Counties never formally accepted or declined the Commissions of Array
- In Yorkshire, 240 out of the 680 gentry never committed themselves to either side
- Fear of the ruin in Germany (30 years war)- 70% under poverty line
- Agrarian unrest 1640-1642 reinforced desire for peace
- Throughout the course of 1645, Clubmen Associations were formed in 9 counties –> Each association numbered between 10-20k men
22
Q
Neutralism- Historians against (4)
A
- Sommerville (1989)- Deeply rooted ideological division over extra parliamentary taxation (which affected all) and the Divine Right of Kings vs Social Contract
- Cust: Conflict between Charles’ desire to maintain authority and others desire to limit his powers (eg. Ship Money, Hampden Trial, Forced Loan, 5 knights etc)
- Trevor-Royle: “The attempts of those to remain neutral were in vain. Staying in the middle was impossible”
- Anderson- “Neutralists plundered by both sides.” - Was not a factor
