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History A2 > 1658-1667 > Flashcards

1658-1667 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the size of Cromwell’s standing army at the time of his death?

A

40,000

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2
Q

When was Richard Cromwell declared Lord Protector

A

3 September, 1658 (Cromwell’s death)

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3
Q

What was the sequence of effects leading up to Richard Cromwell’s resignation? (6)

A

April 6, 1659- Petition of Army officers for payment of Army’s arrears

April 18, 1659- Parliament, supported by Protector, forbids meetings of army officers

April 21, 1659- Parliament’s treatment of the army prompts rendezvous of soldiers in London –> Fleetwood & Desborough claim Army cannot guarantee Richard loyalty unless he dissolves Parliament

April 22, 1659- Richard dissolves Rump

May, 1659- Army decide to recall Rump Parliament

May 6, 1659- Richard retires given that Parliament promise to pay off his £30,000 debts and pay him a pension

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4
Q

When and what was Booth’s uprising? (1+2)

A
  • 1 August, 1659
  • George Booth (Former Presby MP) and the Royalist Conspiracy network, The Sealed Knot combined with Presbyterians to lead an uprising of 4000 men in Lancashire
  • Rising easily put down by Lambert’s forces
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5
Q

What is the sequence of rulership following Oliver Cromwell’s death and prior to the Restoration (6)

A

Sept 1658 - May 1659: Protectorate of Richard Cromwell

May - October ‘59: Rule by restored Rump Parliament

October - December ‘59: Rule by Army-dominated Committee of Safety

December 1659 - Jan 1660: Rump Restored & Rule

Feb - March 1660: Monck enters England & allows the return of MPs removed by Pride’s Purge

April - May 1660: Long Parliament dissolves itself and calls elections resulting in appointment of Convention Parliament

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6
Q

Examples of conflict between Army & Parliament before the Restoration (1658-1659) (3)

A
  • Sept 16, 1659: Lambert’s regiment petitioned to Parliament, urging Godly reform
  • -> October, 1659: Parliament condemn Petition and expel Lambert, Desborough and other supporters of the Petition from the army (+ Purge of members who supported Protectorate rather than Rump rule)

13 October 1659: Army forcibly ends meetings of the Rump and establishes Committee of Safety

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7
Q

How did Oliver attempt to prepare Richard for the Protectorate?

A
  • Brought onto the Privy Council

- Given role within Protectorate Parliament

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8
Q

What caused the Army’s petition to Parliament in Sept 1659? (2)

A
  • Mounting arrears of pay

- May 1659: Fleetwood made Commander + Chief of Army but lacked Oliver’s stature within it, fuelling uncertainty

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9
Q

Following the fall of the Protectorate, what were the factions of the Rump? (2)

A
  • Hesilrige maintained the commons had legally held the power all along and Cromwellian rule merely interrupted the Sovereignty
  • Henry Vane wanted an elected Senate to rule in partnership with the Commons
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10
Q

When and what was the anarchy of the government? (1+5)

A

Following the second eviction of the Rump in October 1659:

  • Law Courts closed
  • Protests against Army
  • Tax strikes
  • Goldsmiths began moving out of the Capital
  • Thomason Collection (London Newspaper) claimed, “Shops shut, trade gone, fears and jelousies multiply”
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11
Q

What was the impact of anarchy on the Restoration?

A

The uncertainty and instability resulted in a desire for free and full elections
–> Everyone knew a free Parliament would vote for the restoration of the monarchy

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12
Q

Why did the Committee of Safety step down in December 1659? (4)

A

-General Monck, leader of the Scottish army claims he cannot support the Committee of Safety and declares for the Rump

–> Lambert sets off to engage Monck BUT…

  • The Portsmouth Garrison, Navy and Irish army declare in favour of the Rump
  • Committee of Safety cannot withstand this level of pressure (England on brink of another Civil War) and resign power back to the Rump
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13
Q

What was the role of General Monck in bringing about the Restoration? (4)

A

October 1659: Shocked by the Military Coup and publicly declares his opposition the Committee of Safety

Feb 1660- Monck leads army of 10,000 into London, and forcibly returns the MPs excluded by Pride’s Purge in 1648

  • Encouraged a loan of £27,000 from Royalists to maintain his army without the Rump to turn over political power
  • Was in close discussions with Charles II over the terms and timing of the Declaration of Breda and was the one who received it on April 4 1660
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14
Q

Evidence of popular support for the fall of the Rump (3)

A
  • Roasting of Rumps in the street
  • Erection of Maypoles
  • Open celebration of Easter

–> All acting in opposition to the harsh rule of the Commonwealth and interregnum

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15
Q

When and why did the Long Parliament dissolve itself? (2+1)

A

16 March 1660

April 1660- new elections

The population wanted free elections following a long period without them

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16
Q

When and what was the Convention Parliament?

A

April - December 1660

Was a freely elected Parliament without Royal consent - Made up primarily of Royalists and quickly voted for the restoration of Charles II

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17
Q

What were some of the acts passed by the Convention Parliament? (2)

A
  • Raised a Poll Tax to pay off the NMA
  • Indemnity & Oblivion Act, provided a general pardon for all actions undertaken during the Commonwealth and Interregnum
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18
Q

When and what was the Declaration of Breda? (1+1)

A

4 April 1660

A letter sent from Charles II to Parliament stating the conditions he would provide for a Restoration

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19
Q

What were the key conditions of the Declaration of Breda? (4)

A
  • Free and General Pardon (Excluding those agreed upon with Parliament)
  • Religious Toleration
  • Make up the back-pay of the Army
  • Settle land issues and lost property
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20
Q

Why did part of the Convention Parliament want to implement conditions on Charles’ return? What faction wanted this? (2)

A
  • More rigid Presbyterians, labelled ‘Presbyterian Knot’ wanted to revive the terms of the Four Bills of 1648
  • Monck himself feared the sway of extreme Royalism that an unconditional restoration may produce
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21
Q

Why did the Convention Parliament decide against a conditional restoration? (5)

A
  • Some members felt that it could discourage Charles from taking back his Kingship
  • Some members felt that after the Commonwealth and Interregnum, it was Parliament- rather than the King- whose power needed curtailing
  • The Thomason Collection (Newspaper) opposed “Unreasonable termes” of the Presbys
  • At the Surrey elections to the Convention, the general cry was against “Presbyterians that will put bad conditions upon the King”
  • Charles’ Declaration of Breda (April 4 1660) imposed conditions that he sought to implement himself and so left the Presby’s conditions redundant
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22
Q

When did Parliament vote for the Restoration?

A

May 1, 1660

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23
Q

Evidence of popular support upon the return of Charles II?

A

-Crowd of 15,000 greeted his return

whilst Norwich authorities had to halt to festivities which followed the proclamation as it had continued for nearly a week, Melton Mowbray meanwhile kept bonfires burning for 72 hours.
His return to London

marked:

  • Bonfires
  • Bell Ringing
  • Large displays of public drinking
  • Sir Edward Dering claimed, “There was never in any nation so much joy both inwardly felt and outwardly expresst”
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24
Q

Why did Booth’s rising fail? (2)

A
  • John Thurloe, the head of England’s spying network, infiltrated the Royalist group (Sealed Knot) and forced many of the regiments to disband
  • Lack of popular support for the rising (Managed to only raise a force of 4000)
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25
Q

Evidence that the Restoration was not inevitable following Oliver Cromwell’s death (4)

A
  • ‘The Thomason Collection’ (London Newspaper) claims that “All things are quiet in the City” following Oliver’s death
  • John Thurloe had strong surveillance over the underground Royalist network, the Sealed Knot
  • Letters of support flooded to Richard Cromwell, who had received 28 from the Counties and 24 from the Towns by the end of 1658
  • Clarendon commented in late 1658 that “The King’s position never appeared so hopeless or desperate”
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26
Q

Evidence that Richard Cromwell had political ability (1)

A

April 1659: Faced with demands from the army that he resign as Commander + Chief, he made Fleetwood Lieutenant-General, with immediate control of the army while himself retaining supreme power

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27
Q

What was the view of Richard Cromwell at the time?

A

He was seen as a useless and poor leader:

Named “Tumbledown Dick” and “Queen Dick”

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28
Q

Evidence of financial difficulty at the end of the Protectorate? (4 + Impact)

A
  • By the end of 1658, the annual deficit was more than £500,000
  • Owed army arrears stood at £890,000 by end of 1658
  • Protectorate debt stood at £2.5 million and annual income was only £1.4 million
  • There was no Bank of England in the 1650’s and other Creditors were losing confidence in England repaying it’s debts
  • Series of poor harvests after 1657

–> It was this financial difficulty that forced Richard to call the 3rd Protectorate Parliament, resulting in conflict between Parliament and the Army and the Protectorate’s ultimate downfall

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29
Q

Evidence of personal divisions between Army & Parliament, resulting in the inability to form effective government? (3)

A
  • Animosity existed between Republican MP, Haselrig and Army general, John Lambert
  • Division was growing between Haselrig and Henry Vane
  • Fleetwood supported the continuation of the Protectorate but was eventually obliged to appease the the demands of the rank and file and restore the Rump
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30
Q

Growth of religious radicals + impact (2+1)

A

By 1659, there were approximately 60,000 Quakers
–> They refused to pay tithes, take oaths or doff their hats to superiors

–> Coupled with the anarchy and political instability encouraged a popular conservative reaction for the Restoration of monarchy

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31
Q

What were some of the potential alternatives to Restoration in 1659?

A
  • Creation of new Protectorate Regime

- Installation of King Monck

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32
Q

Evidence that the Restoration was brought about by ‘Men of Property’ (Christopher Hill) (6)

A
  • General Monck’s power in removing the army and Rump to restore the King (Military Coup?)
  • Convention Parliament’s recalling of the King
  • Restoration Settlement was worked out by the propertied men of the Cavalier Parliament
  • A petition by the London apprentices in November 1659 had been written by the higher orders under the Apprentices’ names
  • Bonfires in London in Feb 1660 had the backing of the well-to-do
  • Bristol unrest of Feb 1660 appears to have been orchestrated by Apprentices’ masters (eg. Their published declaration contained reference to specific Parliamentary statutes and included a Latin quotation)
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33
Q

Evidence that the Restoration was brought about by popular support? (5)

A
  • The convention Parliament was freely elected- Republicans fared very badly, whilst those who were known to hold Royalist sympathies did well
  • Wide scale protest to Commonwealth rule (eg. bonfires, maypoles etc)
  • In Exeter, Jan 1659, a number of apprentices and other men of the City locked the gates and set up guards of 100 at each, expressing desires for “free parliament”
  • In London, apprentices are noted to have met in Winter 1659 to co-ordinated their petitioning campaign for free parliament
  • When Charles was publicly proclaimed King on May 1659, the crowds were said to cheer so loudly, they drowned out the Bow-bells
34
Q

Results of the Convention Parliament? (4+Impact)

A
  • Royalists did well and Republicans did poorly
  • Of the fourty candidates in City of London, the four most clearly Royalist were elected
  • 158 of the MPs came from Royalist families, compared to 150 from Parliamentary families
  • The government were given an early fright in the London elections- one of the earliest held- as two presbyterians and two independents were returned on an anti-episcopian platform, however in most places, both these groups struggled greatly

–> Whilst the government did interfere in some constituencies in order to secure the return of favoured candidates, most of the results seem to reflect a genuine drift in public opinion towards Restoration

35
Q

Evidence of the Royalism of the Cavalier Parliament

A

Just under half of the Parliament had been active Cavaliers during the Civil War

36
Q

Evidence of the propertied classes opposition to Restoration? (1)

A
  • In Leicester and Bristol, the city fathers disassociated themselves from local campaigns against the Rump
  • John Wilson- excise collector in the North- claimed the King was a rogue who should be hanged
37
Q

Evidence of popular opposition to Restoration? (3)

A
  • London radicals collected over 5000 signatures signatures in their declaration for defence of the Rump
  • John Lambert’s Military rising to save the Republic in April 1660 attracted enough support from both soldiers and civilians to suggest that a sizeable minority remained attached to the Good Old Cause
  • May 1660, Leicester man arrested for throwing a stone against a picture of the King’s arms
38
Q

Evidence of radical religious response to Restoration (Date + action + Impact)

A

Jan 1661

Fifth Monarchist rising in favour of the Good Old Cause were condemned by Independent, Baptist and Quaker congregations, who pledged their loyalty to the government

–> Large degree of religious acquiescing, especially following the Declaration of Breda (promising religious liberty)

39
Q

How did Charles II fund the removal of the Standing Army? (2)

A
  • Raised a Poll Tax to pay it off

- City Corporation offered a loan 2x that requested of it, such was the level of popular resistance towards the army

40
Q

When and what was the impact of the Great Fire of London (4+1)

A
  • 1666
  • Displayed him as a passionate and likeable King, as he was personally on the scene, directing safety measures
  • Destroyed 70,000 homes and was said to have caused between £3.5mil to £10,000,000 damage (Over £1bn today) –> Weakened financial position
  • -> Nearly 250,000 homeless
  • Took 4 years to rebuild the burnt area
  • Claims that it was caused by Catholics acted to attack the Catholic court of Charles II and reignite fear of Popish plot
41
Q

How did Charles II reinforce the idea of Divine Right of King? What was the impact of this? (2+1)

A
  • Declaration of Breda claimed that his possession of the throne was a “right which God and our nature hath made our due”
  • During his reign, he touched over 90,000 people as part of “Touching for the King’s Evil”

–> By emphasising his Divine Right, encouraged legitimacy for his rule and dynasty

42
Q

Evidence of Charles II’s treatment of advisors? (2)

A
  • He ordered the execution of Clarendon following the loss of the Dutch War and the Raid on the Medway (June 1667)
  • Halifax described that “Charles lived with his ministers as he did with his mistresses; he used them, but he was not in love with them”
43
Q

Evidence of Charles II’s attempts to maintain consensus?

A
  • Attempted to include former enemies: 12 of the first 27 Privy Councillors appointed were former parliamentarians
  • Only 40% of JPs had been Royalists throughout Civil War
  • Expanded Privy Council to over 70 over course of reign
  • Act of Indemnity & Oblivion (August 1660) gave a general pardon to all, apart from those involved in the Irish Rebellion, the Regicide and a handful of other named individuals (eg. Henry Vane the Younger)
  • -> All but 33 were pardoned
44
Q

State of Charles’ Court + Impact (4+3)

A
  • Charles had a number of mistresses, acknowledging 19 illegitimate children
  • Drunken and partying (eg. When the Raid on the Medway occurred, Charles and his court were said to be partying in the North and so drunk, they were “chasing a moth”)
  • Large Catholic presence at Court: mother, brother and wife were all catholic
  • Adoption of French customs (eg. clothing & music) at court and the rapprochement with France
  • ->Seen as immoral and resulted in a loss of dignity
  • -> Acted as a powerful point of contact and was very communicative, unlike his father’s court
  • -> The French and Catholic elements encouraged fear of popery and arbitrary government
45
Q

What was the Religious Settlement from the Cavalier Parliament?

A 
-Clarendon Code:
Corporation Act 1661
Uniformity Act 1662
Licensing Act 1662
Quaker Act 1662
Conventicle Act 1664
Five Mile Act 1665
(Charlie Usually Likes Quick Fast Cars)
  • Act of 1642 excluding Bishops from House of Lords was repealed
  • Voted by 228 to 103 that the Solemn League & Covenant be burnt
46
Q

What was the Political/Constitutional settlement from the Cavalier Parliament?

A
  • Prerogative Courts, Star Chamber and High Commission remained banned
  • Act against ‘Tumultous Petitioning’ and strengthening press censorship aimed to limit political instability
  • 1664: Repealed the 1641 Triennial Act and replaced it with emasculated version that had no action if Charles failed to call Parl
  • All the changes that had received Royal assent in 1641 remained but Parliament’s acts from 1641-1660 cancelled

–> Many felt that it was the powers of Parliament, rather than the crown that needed curtailing

47
Q

What was the Land Settlement from the Cavalier Parliament?

A
  • Charles left it up to Parliament
  • All land taken was to be sorted out by private transactions rather than pursuing the hazardous course of legislation to address Royalist grievances
48
Q

What was the Financial Settlement for the Cavalier Parliament?

A

-Prerogative taxation, Ship Money and Distraint of Knighthood Fines remained illegal

  • Voted Charles II annual income of £1.2mil
  • -> Aimed to enable the King to “live off his own”
49
Q

What was the state of religion in England following the Restoration? (3)

A
  • Politically dangerous ideas of godly protestants had been reinforced during the 1640s and 1650s
  • Militant Anglicanism grew out of their oppression under the Commonwealth and Cromwellian rule
  • Fear of popery remained a powerful undercurrent, as displayed by the Great Fire of London and the later exclusion crises 1678-81 and Glorious Revolution 1688-89
50
Q

Who were the main architects of the Resoration settlement?

A

Hyde
Sir John Culpepper
Earl of Southampton

51
Q

How did Parliament plan to raise £1.2mil/year for Charles? (4)

A
  • Crown lands re-appropriated provided £100,000/year
  • Continuation of Excise Tax would bring in £400,000/year
  • Customs duties would bring in £400,000/year
  • 1662 implemented Hearth Tax to bring in £300,000/year

–> In reality, settlement did not reach this amount

52
Q

Did Parliament’s financial aims go to plan? (1+2)

A

No

By the mid 1660s, King’s annual revenue had fallen as low as £700,000/year
Whilst debts soared to £1.25mil

By 1667, the restored monarchy owed as much to its creditors as the Protectorate had done

53
Q

How did Charles II appear to overcome the functional breakdown between court and country? (2+Impact)

A
  • Whilst command of the militia lay with the King, day-to-day control and administration were delegated to Lieutenants in the shires
  • Corporation Act of 1661 authorised commissioners from rural gentry to intervene in local affairs to remove members of corporations

–>Major victory for the county gentry and left the crown even more reliant upon their co-operation than before the Civil War

54
Q

How did the economy improve in the 1660s?

A
  • Great Plague 1665 wiped out a large amount of the population, meaning a surplus of employment opportunities in the long run (Cost £10,000,000 in short term)
  • Good harvests from 1660 onwards
  • Inflation ground to a halt
55
Q

When and what was the Worcester House Declaration? What did it display about Charles II?

A

October 1660

  • A conference between Anglicans and Cromwellian conformists at Worcester House resulted in Charles issuing a declaration promising to limit bishops’ powers by including Presbyters in the Church and to allow some degree of freedom over the more contentious ceremonies in the Prayer Book
  • -> Due to Religious division in the Convention Parliament, the Worcester House Declaration was never passed as law

-Displayed Charles’ preference for Religious toleration and the power his parliaments had over him

56
Q

What are the causes of the Cavalier Parliament’s militant Anglicancy and nonconformity?

A

The Fifth Monarchist rising of Jan 1661 equated the danger of radical religious sects

  • The MP, Richard Baxter was a powerful influence in the Cavalier Parliament and refused anything less than a completely rewritten liturgy, alienating those who desired a more moderate religious settlement
  • Anglicans had been harshly oppressed under the Commonwealth and Interregnum and many of them saw the restoration as a chance for revenge
57
Q

Impact of Corporation Act and Uniformity Act?

A

Out of 9000 Clergy, approximately 1750 were ejected by August 1662

58
Q

What caused the implementation of the Conventicle and 5 Mile Acts?

A

Farnley Wood Plot of October 1663 to overthrow Monarchy

59
Q

Evidence of Charles II’s opposition to religious conformity?

A
  • October 1660: Worcester House Declaration
  • December 1662: Declaration of Indulgence

–> Both overturned by Parliament

-He continuously hired Bishops of mixed views throughout his reign (eg. Reynolds, Nicholson and Ironside)

60
Q

When and what was the Cavalier Parliament?

A
  • Elected May 1661

- An overwhelmingly Royalist Parliament, with over 40% of it’s members being former Cavaliers

61
Q

How did the Cavalier Parliament display their fears of Revolution from below?

A
  • Act against Tumultuous Petitioning 1661 and Licensing Act 1662
  • Gave the Crown powers to silence opposition and punish them by law
  • Act was temporary but was extended until 1679
62
Q

What was the outcome of the army under Charles II?

A
  • Most of the NMA was disbanded by the Convention Parliament with the financial aid of the Poll Tax
  • Militia Acts 1661 and 1662 gave Charles control of the Militia
  • Charles kept a standing army of 10,000 known euphemistically as “guards and garrisons”
63
Q

What was the impact of Charles weak financial position?

A
  • There were only two years without a Parliament from 1660-1681
  • Charles’ attempts at extra-parliamentary financial gain led to accusations of absolute monarchy and arbitrary government
64
Q

Was the Clarendon Code popular? (Yes vs No)

A

Yes
Hutton’s nationwide survey of 306 parishes found that nearly half of these had bought the pre-war prayer book within eighteen months of the restoration, most doing so within the first year

No
It was left largely unenforced on a county level

65
Q

How did morale support for the Monarchy fall from 1665-1667?

A

1665- Great Plague resulted in 2.5% of the entire population dying

1666- Great Fire of London resulted in the destruction of 70,000 houses in London and created £10,000,000 worth of damage

1666- Queen miscarries for second time, prompting fears of the King’s succession

1667- King did not put out a battle fleet in 1667, resulting in the raid on the Medway, which led to the burning of 2 Battle Ships and the theft of the Royal Charles
–> Parliament had voted £5.25 million to the Dutch War for it to be lost in such avoidable and emphatic fashion

66
Q

What were potential alternative religious settlements prior to the Clarendon Code?

A

Worcester House discussions 1660
Savoy House discussions 1661

–> Both were discussions with a variety of religious groups over a potential, broader settlement

67
Q

What was the consequence of the Religious Settlement?

A

Many felt betrayed by Charles II following Declaration of Breda

Militant Anglicancy ruled the way

Clarendon Code was widely ignored on local levels

68
Q

Developments of Anglo-Dutch relationships 1660-1667

A

1660: Navigation Act, much more directed towards the Dutch than Commonwealth’s Acts
1662: Anglo-Dutch Treaty
1665: Anglo-Dutch War officially announced
1667: Raid on the Medway results in loss of Royal Charles and emphatic victory for Dutch

NATM
‘Nathan Always Tastes Mint’

69
Q

What did Charles II do with Dunkirk? What was the impact of this?

A

1662

Sold it to the French for £375,000

It was an unpopular move but it was acting as a drain on his limited financial resources

70
Q

What was the Cavalier Parliament’s financial concerns? What was their subsequent policy?

A
  • Feared falling land prices and the impact this would have on the landed members of society
  • England was in a recession at the start of 1660
  • Wanted to limit the colonial expansion of the Dutch and entrench their own colonial power
  • 1660 Navigation Act attacked Dutch trading
  • 1663 Staple Act meant Colonial goods could only be transported in English ships
  • 1663 Banned the import of Cattle from Ireland

–> Only in the 1670’s onwards did the English economy pick up

71
Q

Evidence that the Clarendon code was not closely followed?

A

In 1664, the Conventicle Act was in place in 26 counties and 98 people were punished by it

In 1666, it was only in place in 22 counties and there were only 21 sentences from it

From 1666 onwards, Quaker records inform us that they were able to meet in perfect peace

72
Q

Why was the Clarendon code not widely enforced? (4)

A
  • It was largely used for Anglican revenge- after a few years, all those who had been targeted had been punished so it was of little use from then onwards
  • After 1665, the same magistrates who had to hunt conventicles had to deal with plague and war-taxation- far more immediate concerns
  • Dissenters themselves were becoming better at evading capture (eg. Thomas Jolly, an ejected Lancashire minister, built a trap door he could escape through when preaching)
  • However of those who had served in the 1650s, 4/5 remained after 1662 Uniformity Act and church continued to include a wide range of views and practices.
73
Q

How many people died of Great Plague? (3)

A
  • London lost 1/5 of its people
  • Colchester and Cambridge lost 25% of its population
  • Wiped out roughly 2.5% of the country
74
Q

What was the impact of the Dutch War on finances? (4)

A
  • England were taxed £5.25million (which compared to the £11million for the Dutch remained an insignificant amount)
  • A standing army of 10,000 was commissioned in case of Dutch invasion, costing £45,000 to commission
  • King requested £10,000 loan from City of London and East India Company lent £20,000
  • Dutch did over £20,000 worth of damage at Medway raid
75
Q

What was the state of the King’s succession?

A

-Charles’ wife, Catherine of Braganza was “barren” miscarrying twice

  • Charles’ eldest natural son, and favourite, the Duke of Montmouth was illegitimate
  • -> In 1662, it was being rumoured that the King had legally married Montmouth’s mother
  • -> In Nov 1666, a number of politicians were anxious to advance him into heir apparent

-Fear of making James, Duke of York the next King as he was a Catholic –> Exclusion Crisis 1679-1681

76
Q

Why did Charles struggle financially? (5)

A
  • Dutch War
  • Lavish Court
  • Great Fire of London
  • Two main sources of income, Hearth Tax and Excise were deeply unpopular
  • Inherited large amount of debt
77
Q

Given the Royalist sympathy in 1648, why was there a restoration in 1660 and not 1648?

A
  • Such royalist feeling is similar to that of 1648, but in 1648 it was crushed by the army. The 1660 national feeling for Monarchy was allowed to grow and grow as the army was too divided, demoralized and desperate for arrears to attempt to continue to promote its cause which it had fought so hard for.

–>Following the restoration most of the army disbanded without resistance whilst the rest was taken over by the crown (such a lack of attempt to preserve its independence or its cause is shows the depths of its demoralization)

78
Q

How did Monck gain control of the Army?

A

Encouraged £27,000 loan for them –> They were financially dependent on him

Army accepted Monck as Commander in Chief in 166p

79
Q

What were the economic difficulties in 1659? (4)

A

public resentment was fuelled by economic discontent →
Trade crises as a result of war with Spain meant there was a shortage of Bullion,

grain prices were increasing

unemployment was high.

80
Q

Evidence that Charles II was an apathetical king? (3)

A
  • Charles was deeply conscious of his statues as King, but did not take business of governing entirely seriously especially in the 1660s → he disliked paperwork, often forgetting to send letters he previously promised to send, whilst despite attending privy council meeting regularly, he gave little direction the their proceedings.
  • Ministers had to keep their business with the king brief, or Charles would quickly lose interest.
  • Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary of Charles lack of attention at council meetings, with his minimal comments often being bland and irrelevant.

History A2 (8 decks)

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