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History A2 > 1640-1642 > Flashcards

1640-1642 Flashcards

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1
Q

What Religious reform did Laud introduce in 1640? What was the impact of this?

A
  • ‘The New Book of Canons’, which asserted the power of the King’s royal authority and blamed religious wrongdoing on the Puritans
  • Displayed how out of touch Charles and his government were with events in Scotland
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2
Q

What was the outcome of the Second Bishop’s War?

A
  • Resulted in the Scots gaining control over Newcastle

- Forced Charles to sign the unfavourable Treaty of Ripon on October 21 1640

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3
Q

When did Charles sign the Treaty of Ripon?

A

October 21, 1640

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4
Q

What were the conditions of the Treaty of Ripon? (3)

A
  • Scots would continue to occupy Newcastle until a settlement was reached
  • King would pay Scots £850/day until a settlement had been reached
  • English parliament would be recalled –> Led to the calling of the Long Parliament
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5
Q

What were the political implication of the loss of the Second Bishops war? (2)

A
  • Was extremely humiliating for Charles as England had always defeated the Scottish convincingly
  • Led to an extremely unfavourable Treaty of Ripon
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6
Q

What were the economic implications of the loss of the Second Bishops war? (2)

A
  • The Treaty of Ripon led to Charles paying £850/day to the Scots
  • Newcastle was the home of English coal and as this was occupied, it proved a grave drain on the country’s economic potential
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7
Q

Why did Charles call the Short Parliament? (4)

A
  • Wentworth advised him
  • Charles needed money to raise an army against Scotland
  • Charles believed that calling parliament would raise public support for the invasion of Scotland

-A letter from the Scots to the King of France, requesting military support had surfaced & Charles believed the threat of a French invasion would act as encouragement to Parliament
(The letter was subscribed as ‘Au Roy’ which was claiming the French King as that of Scotland and was treasonous)

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8
Q

What did Charles demand from the Short Parliament?

A

A tax to fund the Second Bishops War with Scotland

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9
Q

Why wasn’t the Short Parliament willing to meet Charles demand for tax? (2)

A
  • Wanted to address many of the issues that had arisen during the 11 years of Personal Rule
  • -> They had no interest in supporting Charles in calling for a tax until they had addressed their agendas
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10
Q

When was the Short Parliament?

A

13 April - 5 May 1640

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11
Q

What is some evidence over the excitement over the Short Parliament?

A
  • There had been an 11 year intermission and people wanted to get their thoughts heard
  • 62 elections were contested, compared to 24 during the 1620s
  • As of 1429, those who had 40 shillings or more could vote: centuries of inflation meant that in 1640, 1/3 of adult men could vote
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12
Q

What did the Short Parliament seek to discuss?

A

-The lapse of liberties granted by the Magna Carta and the Petition of Rights

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13
Q

How did Charles respond to the actions of the Short Parliament?

A
  • He was becoming tired of Parliaments inactivity and inefficiency in granting him the money he wanted
  • -> He saw it as not doing it’s duty: the exact same reason that he shut it down 11 years before
  • Charles dissolved Parliament after only 3 weeks
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14
Q

What were the implications of Charles dissolving the Short Parliament after 3 weeks?

A

-Led to a great degree of anger and disappointment as people had waited so long for parliament and were excited to finally be able to vent their frustrations

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15
Q

Why did Charles call the Long Parliament?

A

-As a concession of the Treaty of Ripon following the failure of the Second Bishops War

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16
Q

When was the Long Parliament?

A

Nov 1640 - 1660

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17
Q

How did the Long Parliament impact Charles advisors and councillors?

A
  • Both Strafford and Laud were impeached and imprisoned for treason
  • -> Strafford was executed in May 1641 for treason
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18
Q

When, why and how was Strafford executed?

A
  • May 1641
  • Convicted of treason by the parliament due to his creation of an Irish (‘Catholic’) army
  • Initially tried him in parliamentary courts (impeachment) were he was cleared before passing an Act of Attainder against him in 1641
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19
Q

When and what was the ‘Root and Branch Petition’?

A
  • Dec 11 1640

- A petition presented by the Long Parliament, signed by 15,000 Londoners for an end of episcopacy in England

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20
Q

When and what was the Triennial Act? (2)

A
  • February 1641
  • Concession from Charles to call parliament at least once every three years to avoid a repeat of the 11 years personal rule
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21
Q

After the Triennial Act and the execution of Strafford, what was Charles hoping for?

A

-Hoped this would lead to calm and peace amongst his Kingdoms after years of unrest

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22
Q

When and what was the Irish rebellion?

A
  • 23 October 1641
  • An attempted Coup d’etat of the native catholics in Ireland to gain political control over the protestant English settlers in Ireland
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23
Q

What was the Ulster Massacre?

A

-The slaughter of 12,000 Protestants by Catholics marking the start of the 1641 Irish rebellion in October 1641

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24
Q

What was the impact of the Ulster Massacre? (2)

A
  • Confirmed the fear of a Popish plot held across the kingdom that people had previously feared of Charles
  • Started to undo the peace Charles had found following the Long Parliament
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25
Q

When and what was ‘The Grand Remonstrance’?

A
  • November 1641
  • A review of Charles’ entire reign with a historical bias against the King, including some desired concessions, published by Pym
  • Made up of 206 arguments against the King
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26
Q

What were the concessions requested in ‘The Grand Remonstrance’? (2)

A
  • Parliament to control the King’s ministers

- Bishops & Catholics to be excluded from parliament

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27
Q

What were the impacts of ‘The Grand Remonstrance’? (2)

A
  • The closeness of the vote emphasised how many MPs thought that Pym was going too far
  • Led to a royalist faction developing around the King
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28
Q

What was the outcome of the vote on ‘The Grand Remonstrance’? (2)

A
  • The Bill only won by 11 votes (159 to 148) and nearly 200 MPs abstained
  • -> Displayed how many MPs thought Pym was going too far and many MPs no longer shared the Junto’s radical agenda
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29
Q

Why was ‘The Grand Remonstrance’ (Nov 1641) never passed as law? (2)

A
  • Pym knew it would never be accepted by The House of Lords so decided not to push it through
  • -> Instead, he published publically (Dec 21 1641) it as he knew it would attract support from outside parliament
  • -> Increased Mob support for Parliament and popular animosity towards the royalty
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30
Q

What did the vote on ‘The Grand Remonstrance’ display about Pym’s position and appeal? (2)

A
  • At the start of the Short Parliament, Pym was representative of all of the MPs who wanted to discuss the legality of Charles’ personal rule
  • -> The vote displayed that many MPs felt that Pym was going too far and many MPs started to form a royalist faction around the King
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31
Q

How did the people of London respond to Charles in 1641? (2)

A
  • A large turnout came to support him upon his specially organised return from Scotland
  • However, growing unrest and dispute surfaced over episcopacy in later 1641
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32
Q

When and what were the protests of the people of London in 1641? (2)

A
  • December 1641

- Hundreds of citizens went to the Houses of Parliament to show their support for the Root & Branch petition

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33
Q

What was the impact of the Dec 1641 protests in London?

A

-Emphasised how Charles’ position remained unstable and there was still a large amount of opposition to his policies

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34
Q

When and what was Charles’ attempt to arrest 5 MPs? (2)

A
  • January 1642
  • Charles entered the House of Commons with his armed guards to arrest 5 leading MPs whom he thought were attempting to cause trouble
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35
Q

What was the outcome and impact of Charles attempt to arrest 5 MPs in 1642? (4)

A
  • The 5 MPs had made a quick getaway and so Charles could not arrest them
  • Made Charles seem immoderate and radical, destroying the aura of sensibility he had built up since the Long Parliament and damaging the royalist faction he had built up around him
  • Charles was no longer safe in London and so fled to Hampton Court
  • ->This resulted in Parliament now having control of London
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36
Q

What were the series of events of the trial of Archbishop Laud? (3)

A
  • Arrested in late 1640 as part of the political pressure put on Charles and his advisors
  • Impeachment case failed
  • Act of attainder passed and executed in early 1641
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37
Q

How did the parliaments of 1640 differ from previous parliaments? (4)

A

-Far more intensely contested than previous parliaments as more people could vote and more people were politically aware:

  • Higher literacy rates meant more people were impacted by the printing press and were more politically aware
  • As of 1429, only those who had 40 shillings or more could vote; after centuries of inflation many people could now vote in parliamentary elections
  • Contests took place in between 1/3 and 1/2 of constituencies
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38
Q

How did petitions rise in significance during the parliaments of 1640? (3)

A

-Printing press and parliaments generated more petitions
eg.
-Grand Remonstrance gained 15,000 signatures
-Committee for Scandalous Ministers gained 900 petitions

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39
Q

What was the Junto? (2)

A
  • Made up of the Puritan Network

- -> Was the controlling party of parliament

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40
Q

What were the events in the aftermath of the Charles fleeing London in 1642 that led to the militarisation of civil war? (4)

A

Feb 1642: Henrietta Maria sails to Holland to seek foreign military support
March 1642: House of Lords passes the Militia Ordinance Bill
April 1642: Sir John Hotham refuses to allow the King to enter the port of Hull
July 1642: Charles orders Commission of Array

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41
Q

What was the July 1642 Commission of Array?

A

-Charles called an army and put the military on standby without the consent of parliament

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42
Q

What was the March 1642 Militia Ordinance? (2)

A
  • A law that allowed Parliament to control the Lord Lieutenants and therefore control the English Militia
  • Charles refused to provide royal consent but Parliament declared the law valid anyway
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43
Q

What were the consequences of the March 1642 Militia Ordinance? (2)

A
  • Was the first time that Parliament had passed a law without the King, greatly aggravating tensions between parliament and the King
  • Parliament’s subsequent control of the militia was a direct military threat to the King and aggravated the rise to civil war
  • The militia ordinance could be seen as unconstitutional and treasonous so there was no going back for the parliamentarians now
  • -> Led to Charles declaring the Commission of Array in July 1642 making both sides militarised
44
Q

When and what was the Bishop’s exclusion bill?

A

Feb 1642

  • Excluded all Bishops from the House of Lords
  • Was a direct response to the Bishops objection of religious reform in Parliament
45
Q

When and what was ‘The Nineteen Propositions’? (2)

A
  • July 1642

- One final approach to the King over concessions and peace with parliament before civil war

46
Q

What were some of the concessions requested in ‘The Nineteen Propositions’? (3)

A
  • Root & Branch reform
  • Parliament chooses King’s councillors
  • Parliament choses King’s children’s education
47
Q

What was the outcome of ‘The Nineteen Propositions’? (2)

A
  • They were an extremely tough negotiation

- Charles rejected them as many of them completely removed what it meant to be a king at all!

48
Q

What was impeachment and how did it come about in England?

A
  • Commons vote to put someone on trial and then the trial is carried out in the House of Lords
  • Began in 1621 with the Duke of Buckingham
49
Q

What was an Act of Attainder?

A

Houses of commons and Lords have to vote to make someone guilty

  • No one has to be found guilty through a trial
  • Once the accused has been found guilty, the King’s assent is required for the punishment to be carried out
50
Q

Why did the trial of Strafford switch from an impeachment to an Act of Attainder? (3)

A
  • Uncertainty whether Lords would support it
  • Uncertainty over evidence as Strafford defended himself well
  • An Attainder would force the King to take responsibility for Strafford’s death (death warrant) and so would put pressure on Charles
51
Q

How did Charles feel about signing Strafford’s death warrant?

A
  • He was greatly opposed to it

- -> Promised Strafford that no harm would come to him

52
Q

Why did Charles sign Strafford’s death warrant? (6)

A
  • Pressure from Commons and Lords
  • Pressure from the entirety of Ireland
  • Advice of Privy Council and Bishops
  • Growing instability and dismay due to fear of French invasions/Army plot and civil war
  • Pressure from public (24 April 1641 a ‘Petition of Justice’ against Strafford gained 20,000 signatures)
  • Fear for Queen’s and family’s safety
53
Q

Why did Parliament want Strafford executed? (3)

A
  • Saw him as an evil councillor
  • Fear of his Irish army and potential popery
  • Pym saw it as a way of attacking the King and his prerogative
54
Q

What were the consequences of Strafford’s execution? (2)

A
  • Created a sense of peace and calm amongst the riots and protests
  • Enabled Pym to gain concessions and break down the King’s prerogative
55
Q

What concessions did Charles make to the Long Parliament? (3)

A
  • Declared that he would rule within the Law and only collect legally obtained revenues
  • Would return the church to the condition it was in under Elizabeth I
  • Appointed many of the petitioning peers into his privy council, displaying his willingness to obtain ‘better council’
56
Q

How did Charles attempt to achieve foreign military support? (2)

A
  • Hoped the marriage of his daughter, Mary and William, son of the Prince of Orange would be followed by Dutch military aid
  • Queen also attempted to gain support from the pope and the French (Impossible unless Charles committed to Catholicism which was impossible in the English climate)
57
Q

When and what concessions did Charles make in regards to finances? (3)

A

June 22nd 1641: Tonnage and Poundage Act: Customs duties cannot be charged without parliamentary consent

7 August 1641: Ship Money Act: Abolished all forms of ship money, including occasional charges on coastal towns

10 August 1641: Made ‘distraint of knighthood’ fines illegal

58
Q

What concessions did Charles make in regards to prerogative and personal rule? (3)

A

5 July 1641: Acts for the Abolition of the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission: Abolished the King’s prerogative courts

15 Feb 1641: Triennial Act: Ordered that Charles call parliament for at least a 50 day period once every 3 years

-Appointed petitioning and puritan peers to his council, such as Bedford, Hertford and Essex

59
Q

What caused the Army Plot? (2)

A
  • The English army was sitting in the North, and had been unpaid by the Long Parliament
  • -> The lack of pay led to disillusionment and resent from the army towards parliament
60
Q

What was the Army Plot? (3)

A
  • Organised by Sir John Suckling and George Goring
  • The plan to bring the Northern Army southwards
  • Henrietta Maria was simultaneously calling on military support from France
61
Q

When was the Army Plot?

A

March - May 1641

62
Q

What was the aim of the Army plot? (2)

A
  • Gain control of the Tower of London to free Wentworth

- Put pressure on parliament and protect the King

63
Q

Why did the Army Plot fail? (2)

A
  • Goring mistakenly leaked the plan to parliament who then prepared (eg. placing 500 Tower Hamlets Militia in the Tower)
  • Rising fear of a Popish plot (French Army + King attacking parliament)
  • -> The arrival of only 100 soldiers in London led to Petitions for the King to remove them
64
Q

What were the consequences of the Army Plot? (2)

A
  • Led to growing distrust of the King’s control of the Army

- Polarising the Parliamentary and Royalist factions and turning them against each other

65
Q

When and what was ‘The Protestation’? (4)

A
  • July 1641
  • An oath of allegiance to Parliament, the Protestant faith and King Charles
  • Contained information on the risk of Popish Plots, the tyrannical councillors and the illegal taxations
  • -> Sent around to all the parishes and no one could hold a Church or state office without signing
66
Q

What was the impact of the 1641 Protestation? (2)

A
  • Spread alarm of the Popish Plot
  • References to evil governments and illegal taxation spread the idea that resistance to authority was okay and- as it was passed by parliament- in fact supported
67
Q

Why did society begin to fear the Scots in 1641? (2)

A
  • On the 18th May 1641, news leaked that Charles planned to reconcile with Scotland who were now becoming disenchanted with the English Parliament
  • As the Northern and ‘Irish Popish’ armies were still in being, If Charles became reconciled with Scotland, there was the possibility that he could use the Scottish army as well
68
Q

When and what was ‘The Incident’? (2)

A
  • October 1641

- A royalist plot to kidnap and arrest a group of Presbyterian Covenanters in Scotland- Hamilton, Argyll and Lanark

69
Q

What was the outcome and consequences of ‘The Incident’ 1641? (2)

A
  • The plot ultimately failed as it was leaked to the Covenanters
  • Made Charles look increasingly untrustworthy and ruined his chances of reconciling with the Scots for support against Parliament.
70
Q

What were the impacts of the Irish Rebellion? (4)

A
  • Re-aroused fears of a popish plot (eg. Irish Catholic Army and creation of “Catholic Confederate” in Kilkenny)
  • Led to polarisations and divisions within government just as things seemed to be stabilising
  • Fears of Charles’ involvement
  • -> Questioning of King’s military authority (Militia Ordinance)
71
Q

When was Charles’ concessionary speech and what was its impact? (4)

A
  • 25 January, 1641
  • Charles pledged his commitment to the “true protestant religion”
  • To “return religion and government to what they were in the purest times of Queen Elizabeth’s days”
  • -> Made government more sympathetic to him as he seemed to be making concessions
72
Q

How did Strafford’s Irish army impact the Irish rebellion? (2)

A

In August 1641, the House of Commons vetoes plan to send Irish army to Spain to fight Catholicism (This in itself gave a major boost to continental Catholicism)
–> Ironic as the unemployed troops were some of the major organisers of the rebellion

73
Q

What were the consequences of Sir Philem O’Neil in the Irish rebellion? (3)

A

May 1640: Makes contact with cousin, Owen Roe O’Neil in Spanish Netherlands, who promised to return to Ireland with troops in the case of a rebellion

October 1641: Reveals an apparent commission authorising the rebellion from Charles I

–> Further sparks fears of international popish plot including the King

74
Q

What is the outcome of the Irish Rebellion? (4)

A

Jan 1642: Royal proclamation condemns the rebellion

Feb 1642: Charles orders the remainder of the Irish army (now run by Earl of Ormond) to crush the rebellion

April 1642: 2500 Scots arrive to aid in destroying the Rebellion

–> The revolt is eventually by the Irish and Scottish forces

75
Q

Why did Ireland undergo a rebellion in 1641? (4)

A
  • Instability created under Strafford
  • Aggressive and expansionist Covenanter movement
  • Anglo-Scottish rapprochement, which was explicitly anti-Catholic
  • -> Irish rebellion can be seen as a response to the threats posed to Irish Catholics
76
Q

What was the climate that resulted in fear of a popish plot? (eg. history, current affairs etc.)

A
  • Less than fifty years after the Spanish Armada
  • Less than 40 years since the gunpowder plot
  • Thirty-years war on-going
  • Ireland acted as a potential “back door” through which Catholicism could potentially gain access to England
77
Q

How did the Printing Press impact the political tensions between Parliament and the King? (2)

A
  • Allowed a greater spread of information and political propaganda so more could become politically active
  • Introduced political satire and propaganda to increase animosity on both sides
78
Q

When was the printing press discovered and by who?

A

1476 by William Caxton

79
Q

What were the statistics on the rise in the number of prints during the political tension? (1639-1642)

A

1639: 450/year
1640: 900/year
1641: 2500/year
1642: 3500/year

80
Q

Statistics on the London printing trade? (2)

A
  • Number of Print Shops doubled in the 1640s

- Expanded from 24 shops with 50 presses in 1640 to more than 40 shops and 70 presses by 1649

81
Q

How did Laud’s impeachment impact Printing? (2)

A

Laud was in control of the government’s censorship
–> Following his impeachment and the collapse of episcopal licensing, the censorship stopped and so parliamentarians could begin printing shocking propaganda articles about the King

82
Q

Examples of how the press impacted politics?

A
  • Over 100 publications in 1641 demanding punishment for Strafford
  • -> Large mobs pressurised the execution of Strafford
83
Q

What was the cause of social unrest in the 1640s? (3)

A
  • The populace seemed to be more hostile and uncooperative with the authorities
  • Outpour of scorn towards constables, magistrates, clergy and gentry
  • -> over 800 recorded cases of laymen refusing to assist constables, refusing to serve on watches or refusing to pay assessments
84
Q

Examples of opposition to Episcopacy and Laudianism in the 1640s? (4)

A
  • Bishop William Juxon and Arthur Duck both assaulted and abused during visitations in 1640 (Duck on 22nd October 1640)
  • September 1640- 650 people chanted “no oath” at a demonstration in London against Laud’s 1640 Ecclesiastical Canons
  • By December 1641, 25 Bishops had been impeached
  • Parliament was calling the abolishment of Episcopacy (eg. Bishop’s exclusion Bill)
85
Q

How did Charles regain control of London following his return? (2)

A
  • Outpouring of support for the King at a ceremony for his return to London on 25th November 1641
  • He held the a celebration with many of the London Alderman at Hampton Court in December 1641- With their confidence, he could control the London militia and police the streets (This changed in Jan 1642)
86
Q

How did Charles change his appointments to please the Puritans? (2)

A

-Appointed Calvinist Bishops
-Appointed Culpepper as Chancellor of Exchequer (Jan 2nd 1642) and Falkland as Secretary of State (Jan 8 1642) who were former protesters but then became part of the Royalist party
(Amongst many other formerly petitioning peers)
-Appointed Bedford, Saye and Essex to the privy council as part of the ‘Bridge Appointments’ (March 1641)

87
Q

How did Charles respond to the Grand Remonstrance? What impact did this have? (2+1)

A
  • Emphasised the threat of Parliamentary “separatists”
  • Held out the possibility of reforming “unnecessary ceremonies”
  • -> His response on the 23rd December lead to cries of support in Dover as 3000 gathered to listen to his proclamation
88
Q

Evidence of parliamentary opposition to the Grand Remonstrance? (2)

A
  • Geoffrey Palmer was charged with trying to incite violence within the house for his opposition to the Grand Remonstrance
  • Only won by 11 votes: 159 to 148
89
Q

When and what was the Siege of Hull? (2)

A
  • April 1642
  • Sir John Hotham refused Charles entry to Hull and so allowed the parliamentarians to gain control of the large armoury located in the city
90
Q

When and what was the “et cetera oath”? (3)

A
  • May 1640
  • Part of the Convocation and an oath to uphold doctrine and hierarchy established in Laudian Church
  • The etc oath alarmed people and was forced to be abandoned by Autumn 1640
91
Q

Evidence of Scottish nobility in opposition to the Covenanters? (1 + Date)

A
  • May 1640

- 18 Scottish Lords, including Montrose sign Band against Covenanters

92
Q

Evidence of the extent to which Charles I needed money in the Bishop’s War (3)

A
  • Charles released two MPs who were imprisoned in 1629 to gather support from short parliament for money (May 1640)
  • Offered to give up Ship Money in return for 12 subsidies (May 1640)
93
Q

When and what was the ‘Special Committee on Scottish Affairs’? (3)

A
  • May 1640
  • A committee called over whether or not to fight the war given the lack of financial support from Short Parliament
  • -> Wentworth swept aside hesitations and encouraged a fight, believing that the Scots could be easily beaten and that the Irish army could be called in if needed
94
Q

How did MPs display their anger at the end of the Short Parliament and their desire for the recalling of parliament? (2)

A
  • August 1640

- 12 Peers submit petition to Charles condemning recent royal policy and requesting recall of parliament

95
Q

What were the key religious reforms in the Long Parliament (non-episcopal)? (5)

A

Dec 16, 1640- Votes 1640 Canons illegal because passed after dissolution of parliament (also attack on prerogative & personal rule)

Dec 1640- Laud impeached

Jan 23, 1641- Passes order for destruction of images

May 3, 1641- Protestation Oath against Popery

Sept 1641- Commons passes resolution for destruction of altar rails, candlesticks and crucifixes

96
Q

What were the key episcopal reforms in the Long Parliament?

A

Feb 1641- Commons debates Root and Branch petition, which demanded the abolition of episcopacy

Spring-Summer 1641: Proposals for reallocation of Dean & Chapter (Bishop’s) Property to Crown + Proposals of using episcopal lands to promote education

Dec 1641- 12 Bishops protested too dangerous to attend HoL’s –> HoC’s arrested them and placed impeachment charges against them

Feb 13, 1642- Bishops’ Exclusion Act excludes Bishops from HoL’s

97
Q

How did London come to be under Parliamentary control? (3)

A
  • Dec 1641: Printing of Grand Remonstrance garnered popular opposition to the King
  • Dec 21, 1641: City of London elects new Common Council more sympathetic to the Junto
  • Jan 5, 1642: Charles attempt to arrest 5 members saw defiance from City people and London Common Council refuses to surrender members to Charles
98
Q

Key constitutional reforms under the Long Parliament? (2)

A

Feb 15, 1641- Triennial Act (Parliament must be called for at least 50 days every 3 years)

May, 10, 1641- Bill Forbidding the Dissolution of Parliament without its own consent

99
Q

What were the final steps in the path to war? (5)

A

June 11, 1642- Charles issued ‘Commissions of Array’ and revives statute of 1405 to raise troops by royal prerogative

July 9, 1642- Houses vote to raise army of 10,000 volunteers

July 12, 1642- Appoint Earl of Essex as Lord General of the Parliamentarian army

August 1642- Parliament declares Charles’ supporters as traitors

August 22, 1642- Charles’ raises standard at Nottingham: formal declaration of war

100
Q

What were the Bridge Appointments? (2)

A
  • Bedford attempted to get members of the Puritan network into Charles’ close set of advisors
  • However, Bedford died and the Bridge appointments never materialised
101
Q

Why did Charles call the Long Parliament? (3)

A
  • Scots occupied Newcastle- insisted that Parliament ratify terms and that Charles must pay £850/day
  • Twelve peers petitioned for Charles to call Parliament
  • Charles summoned the Great Council of Peers who encouraged/advised that Charles call Parliament
102
Q

When and what was The Treaty of London? (2)

A
  • August 1641

- The agreement between the Covenanting forces and Charles, allowing them to leave England etc

103
Q

Evidence of Court vs Country divide (County opposition to central politics)?

A
  • Of the 493 MPs elected to the Long Parliament, at least 399 considered themselves ‘county MPs’ opposed to the king’s religious and economic policies.
104
Q

Political motivations of the Bishops’ Exclusion Bill?

A

excluding the bishops and catholic peers from the House of Lords would remove 1/3 of the Lords and allow the Commons to regain control of Parliament.

105
Q

Impact of Lunsford on outbreak of war and disillusion of London? (4)

A
  • Charles dismissed his lieutenant Sir William Balfour, appointing a thuggish army officer - Colonel Thomas Lunsford - in his place.
  • Panic spread throughout the city with fears that Lunsford could take control of the city’s arsenal.
  • 1000s of citizens took to the streets with weapons in their hands; the London homes of Bishops were attacked.
  • Charles soon realised appointing Lunsford was a mistake and removed him on the 26th of December.

History A2 (8 decks)

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