1629-1640 Flashcards
1
Q
What do historians claim are Charles’ I negative traits? (4)
A
- Introverted, uncommunicative and unapproachable
- Didn’t trust his subjects’ loyalty
- Uncompromising and inflexible (had absolute values)
- Lack of self confidence meant he constantly felt the need to prove the power of his royal prerogative
2
Q
What do historians claim are Charles I’s positive traits? (3)
A
- Strong and stable family life
- Extremely important patron of the arts and aesthetics
- Strong sense of conscience and honour: conviction politician
3
Q
Was Charles I entirely unpopular? Evidence for answer.
A
No- There was a civil war, meaning that he must have had a large support base who fought for him
–> If he was entirely unpopular, a revolution would’ve taken place rather than a civil war
4
Q
How did Charles I treat the church throughout his reign? (3)
A
- Church was arguably his most consistent priority
- He was greatly devoted to producing and maintaining a hierarchical, non-calvinist church
- Leadership of the church was the only area that Charles shared control (with advisor, William Laud) –> Significant that Charles’ greatest priority had shared leadership whilst he monopolised control in other policy (?)
5
Q
Did Charles I think that only the King should be involved in the leadership of the country? Give Evidence (3).
A
No- He felt the leadership should be made up of the King and close advisors.
- Summoned the ‘Great Noble Council’ in 1639 before invading Scotland
- Attempting to re-establish the ‘Order of Garter’
- Close advisors, such as Buckingham, were supported unconditionally by the King
6
Q
What did Courtly masques display about Charles I’s rule? (3)
A
- The King had ultimate power and divine leadership: he should merely have to set an example to his people and they should aim to emulate it
- The King did not aim to work alone and needed trusted advisors (the masques displayed the King with orderly accomplices)
- The King was slightly out of touch with his people and political reality (confusion of fiction and reality)
7
Q
Give an example, in terms of church and papal policy, in which Charles was out of touch with his people.
A
- He discussed the potential reunification of the Church of England with Rome in the mid 1630’s.
- -> There was large anti-papal sentiment in England at the time and a reunification with Rome would have been deeply opposed by the people at this time
8
Q
What was the state of the size of the population during Charles I’s reign? What impact did this have (1)?
A
- Population of London grew from 55,000 from 400,000 from 1520 to 1650
- -> This brought with it social, economic and political effects eg. more political participation, overcrowding, economic growth etc.
9
Q
What was the state of religion during Charles I’s reign?
A
Society was centred around religion and it remained the most important aspect of people’s lives.
10
Q
What was the state of living conditions and poverty during Charles I’s reign?
A
- In 1625, 43% of people lived on or below the poverty line
- Living standards were still higher than in France and Germany, where people were starving
11
Q
What was the importance of Parliament in regards to government and society? (2)
A
- Was the intermediary between government and society
- -> Allowed pressure from constituents to reach the lords and royal councillors and vice versa.
12
Q
What were the major limits to the King’s power in this time? (4)
A
- Bureaucracy, such as the Order of the Seals, added time and difficulty to passing laws
- Monarch could not claim tax without parliamentary consent
- No standing army or police force meant the King relied on the local gentry to maintain law and order
- No specific administration and politicians had to fulfil administrative duties
13
Q
When and what was the Book of Orders? Why did Charles implement it? (3)
A
- January 31, 1631
- It was a method of having all JP’s report how they were carrying out the laws in their local constituencies
- Aimed at providing accountability to the administrative sectors of government and so increase efficiency
14
Q
What were the positives and negatives of the Book of Orders?
A
+ves: Some JP’s were encouraged to work harder and create a connection between central government and the localities
-ves: Some JPs felt attacked and some had established local methods and laws which conflicted with national laws but worked in their local regions –> created some alienation and conflict
15
Q
When and what was the ‘Exact Militia’? Why did Charles attempt to implement it?
A
-program between 1625-1638
- A policy of improving the training and resources of the militia
- To create a more efficient militia (England had no standing army) and so a stronger, more powerful gvt and state
16
Q
What were the Positives and negatives of the ‘exact militia’?
A
+ves: Led to some improvements in the quality of the militia
-ves: Large financial cost and also alienated the nobility who were being forced to train more militia only through prerogative rather than law
17
Q
What was the ‘Popish Soap’ issue?
A
The monopolisation of soap production in England by Lord Treasurer Portland
18
Q
Why did the Crown issue patent monopolies, such as the ‘Popish soap’?
A
-The crown was able to sell patents for great financial reward eg. sold the ‘Popish Soap’ patent for £30,000/year by the late 1630’s.
19
Q
What were the positives and negatives of Charles selling patents, such as the ‘Popish Soap’?
A
+ves: Created financial support for the monarchy during the Personal Rule when taxation was impossible
-ves: Caused issues within the economic market (monopolisation) and made the crown seem tyrannical
20
Q
What was the Fenland Drainage scheme? Why was it implemented?
A
- Charles gave sir Anthony Thomas and some of his friends the power of draining the fenland and then getting to keep the land
- Allowed Charles to gain 57,000 acres of new land for the crown and the drained land could also be used for economic benefit
21
Q
What were the positives and negatives of the Fenland Drainage scheme? (2+2)
A
+ves: Allowed Charles to make financial gain
- Allowed Charles to distribute patronage and hence increased the support of the nobility
- ves: Seen as tyrannical and used by Long Parliament to show the selfishness of Charles
- Removed hundreds of thousands of acres of common land from peasants
22
Q
When did Charles I end parliament and embark on his 11 years tyranny?
A
2nd March, 1629
23
Q
Explain the series of events of Charles I’s closure of parliament? (3)
A
- Charles sent his messenger, Black Rod, to dissolve parliament (as it was his constitutional right and he had done in the past)
- The MPs denied access to the messenger and stopped the speaker from announcing the closure of parliament
- Denzil Holles shouted resolutions against the King
24
Q
What are the four theories for the breakdown between Charles and Parliament and the 1629 closure of parliament?
A
1- Evil influence of Duke of Buckingham over the King
2- Parliament attempted to abuse Charles’ inexperience and tried to remove the King’s power (prerogative)
3- Charles’ inexperience and arrogance led him to take issue with parliament
4- Inevitability: The tension between the monarchy and parliament had become so great that whoever came to power in the 1620s would have had issues
25
What did Charles' closure of parliament and his personal rule display about his idea of kingship?
Exemplified Charles' tendency to prefer the idealised position of court and the Divine leadership of the King
26
When was the Petition of Rights produced?
1628
27
What was the 1628 Petition of Rights?
Several MPs provided 4 points for Charles to acknowledge that they felt had been at the centre of law for centuries
28
What were the 4 tenets of the 1628 Petition of Rights?
1- Illegal to raise taxes without parliamentary consent
2- Illegal to imprison people without reason
3- Forced billeting of troops was illegal
4- Illegal to impose martial law
29
What was Charles' response to the 1628 Petition of Rights?
Charles accepted the petition
| --> Parliament hoped that he was now aware of the limits of his power
30
What did the 1628 Petition of Rights display about the relationship between Charles and Parliament?
1- Displayed the growing tensions between Charles and Parliament
2- Emphasised how Charles wanted to restrict the absolute power of the monarch
31
What were some of the causes of tension between Charles and Parliament before the closure in 1629? (5)
- 1628 'Petition of Rights'
- 1527 'Five Knights case'
- Dislike of the Duke of Buckingham
- 1626 Forced Loan
- Disastrous Foreign Policy
32
When and what was the 'Five Knights' Case' (3)?
- 1627
- Five noble gentlemen were imprisoned for refusing to pay the 1626 Forced Loan
- They challenged this imprisonment by questioning 'Habeus Corpus' (The Just Cause) of imprisonment
- The case focused on the 1215 Magna Carta, which issued the basic and fundamental freedoms and rights of Englishmen
33
What was the outcome of the 'Five Knights' Case' and what was its significance? (3)
- Charles won the case
- Reaffirmed his belief that he could rule simply by divine right
- Large degree of opposition to the King on this ruling displayed the consensus that Charles was pushing his rights to their limits- and beyond.
34
Who was the Duke of Buckingham?
Both James I and Charles I's favourite councillor
| --> He held great influence over Charles
35
What was Parliaments opinion of the Duke of Buckingham? (2)
- Parliament was calling for his downfall from 1625 onwards
| - Parliament attempted to impeach Buckingham but Charles dissolved parliament to protect him
36
What happened to the Duke of Buckingham and what is the historical significance of this? (3)
- He was assassinated in 1628
- Emphasised Charles' misuse of patronage and favouritism
- Issues still continued after his death, emphasising how he was not solely responsible for Charles' shortcomings
37
Why Did Charles implement a Forced Loan in 1626?
-He needed money after dissolving parliament in 1626
38
What was the outcome (2) of the 1626 Forced Loan and what was it's significance (2)?
- Those who refused to pay were imprisoned
- -> Creating a deal of tension between the Monarch and his subjects
- In the end, the Forced Loan raised 4x what Parliament would have been able to make through subsidy
- -> Charles felt it was more efficient than parliamentary taxation and hence was encouraged to use 'Personal Rule'
39
What are some examples of the failure of Charles' foreign policy 1626-1627? (2)
- Charles marries the sister of the French King to gain French support, which he doesnt get (1626)
- In 1627, Charles launches simultaneous wars against France and Spain- He fails to win any battles, before retreating
40
What was societal response to the failures of Charles' foreign policy 1626-1627?
Anger at the money spent and the failures of the expeditions.
41
What was Ship Money?
A financial request from maritime and coastal cities for money to finance the navy and coastal protection
42
How did Charles manipulate the use of Ship Money?
He tried to extend the financial request to all inland counties in order to raise more money
43
When did Charles first try to extend Ship Money inland and what was the outcome?
- 1628: requested £173,000
| - He withdrew after serious opposition and hostile reactions
44
What happened with Charles I's calling of Ship Money in 1635?
- Requested £219,000 (Nearly as much as Parliament's 5 subsidies from 1628-1629)
- Despite serious opposition, 97.5% of the Ship Money was collected that year
45
What was Charles I's Ship Money policy in the mid 1630's? What did this display about his overall policy?
1635: Requested £219,000, moving Ship Money inland
1636: Further writs in 1636 implied that Ship Money was becoming an annual payment
1637: 90% of the £195,000 was collected --> Payments becoming slower and smaller
46
Was Ship Money successful financially?
- By Early Modern Standards, it was an extremely successful financial policy as it collected masses of money
- However, whilst it was paid obediently, it was not paid willingly and so there was a large amount of social opposition
47
What two factors greatly increased the resistance to Ship Money?
- Scotland's progress towards rebellion and the threat of violence and force
- John Hampden's trial
48
How did Scottish rebellion impact the payment of Ship Money?
- The payment essentially collapsed as citizens could not afford to pay for it simultaneously with the cost of fielding an army against the Scots.
- The Country went on a tax strike in 1639 (Largely because of the cost of Scottish invasion and as sheriffs had given up on collection)
49
When and what was the Hampden Case? (3)
- John Hampden refused to pay Ship Money
- Nov 1637 was brought to trial
- 9 out of 12 of the judges supported the King, and so he won the case --> The display of some opposition to the King from the Judges represented a moral blow to Charles
-->Led to increasing opposition to Ship Money: less than 20% of the requested money was paid in 1639
50
What was the impact of The Hampden trial? (2)
- Slightness of the victory represented a moral loss for the monarchy
- Previously citizens feared outright refusal to pay (they had no parliament to fall back on for support) but the relative success of Hampden gave them hope
51
What was the significance of a lack of parliament on reception of Ship Money?
-Citizens were afraid to refuse to pay Ship Money as they had no parliament to fall back on
- looked like an extra parliamentary tax, which had recently been declared illegal by the 1628 petition of rights
- ->social discontent and anger
52
What impact did Ship Money have on Charles' ability to rule? (2)
- Damaged support for the King's prerogative as the policy was greatly opposed
- The collection of Ship Money was reliant on collection enforced by County Sheriffs --> The collection of this money put a great deal of pressure on the sheriffs and so discouraged many noble families from taking up the role --> Damaged the delicate system of co-operation between the central gvt and the localities
53
What were the positives of Ship Money? (2)
- All the money gained was genuinely spent on improving the navy: bolster trade, protection from privacy and stronger military (meaning more negotiating power)
- The amount paid individually was not high as the tax was split amongst a greater number of people than usual (eg. Hampden's trial came from refusing to pay £1)
54
What were some of the ways in which Charles I tried to gain additional revenue without parliament? (3)
- Ship Money
- Rents and Custom's revenue
- Revival of ancient laws
55
What was the issue with Charles' revenue from rents of Crown lands?
- Inflation ate away at the real value of rents, which were renegotiated at fix rates over 99 year periods
- -> Led Charles to seek alternative methods of gaining money without parliament
56
What were some examples of Charles revival of ancient laws to gain additional revenue? (2)
- Distraint of Knighthood: Gentlemen were fined for failing to present themselves to the King to be knighted if they had at least £40 (£40 was not a huge amount anymore and this caught many people out)
- Revival of Forest Laws: Fined landowners who built over ancient boundaries (eg. Earl of Salisbury was fined £20,000)
57
Where did Charles stand in terms of his religious beliefs?
He was an Arminian/Laudian and a non-Calvinist
58
What were the major beliefs of the Puritans? (3)
- Wanted a 'Reformation of Manners' to enforce moral standards
- Believed in predestination
- Wanted rid of priests wearing vestments and religious symbolism
59
What were the major beliefs of the Mainstream Conformists (the largest religious group in England)? (3)
- Held strong affections to the prayer book
- Were often more lukewarm and apathetical towards their beliefs than The Puritans or The Laudians
- Argued against predestination
60
What were the major beliefs of the Arminians? (3)
- Felt the altar should be out of reach for normal people
- Wished to see more ritual and decoration
- Strongly opposed the idea of predestination
61
What were the impacts of greater protestantism/lutherism in England? (3)
- Nuns were allowed to marry
- Church services held in English and Bible translated to English --> Led to varying interpretations of Christianity
- By Elizabeth I, there was an uneasy equilibrium between protestants and catholics
62
What was the importance of religion in maintaining political control? (3)
- Political unity = religious unity
- The Church provided media and propaganda
- The state had control over religion and there was a lack of religious freedom: Having religious uniformity was seen as having political stability
63
What were the nature of Laud's Church reforms? (3)
- Imposed rigid high church values eg. ceremony
- -> This represented an extension of Charles' hierarchical policy of uniformity
- Harsh punishment for Puritans
- Introduced organs, choirs and altar rails
64
What was the impact of the Laudian reform of implementing High Church values (eg. ceremony, altar rails etc.)? (3)
- Caused friction and hostility due to fear of catholicism
- Fears of an inquisition and the return of the papacy
- Fear that Laud was attempting to catholicise the church from within
65
How did Laud impose uniformity in the Church? (4)
- Strict conformity to the Book of Common Prayer by law
- Strict adherence to the 39 articles
- Visitations by commissioners to enforce uniformity
- Priests to wear vestements
66
How did Laud attempt to destroy Puritanism? (3)
- Used the Courts of High Commission and Star Chamber to prosecute Puritan critics of the Church
- 1633 Dissolution of the 'Feofees of Impropriations', an organisation of wealthy Puritans which attempted to support Puritan preachers
- Censorship of hostile books and pamphlets
67
How did Laud attempt to deal with severely neglected churches? (2)
- Redirected tithes from landowners back to the clergy (they only went to landowners following the reformation)
- Economic investment in reconstructing churches eg. 1633 introduction of special levy for restoration of St. Paul's Cathedral
68
How did Laud use the Church's authority to reinforce the Divine Right of Kings? (2)
- Encouraged the clergy to preach sermons supporting the Divine Right of royal authority
- Bishops were given important roles in Charles' government eg. Bishop Juxon of London became Lord Treasurer in March 1636
69
In what ways was Charles in charge of Church policy? (2)
- From 1632 onwards, Charles requested annual reports on the state of the Church from the dioceses and they contained his annotations all over them
- Laud was only in a position of power as long as he was able to please Charles
70
In what ways was Laud in charge of Church policy? (4)
- Laud carefully selected the material the Charles would look at to reassure him on some matters and draw his attention to others
- Because Charles trusted Laud, he had considerable freedom of action and used Charles authority to reinforce his own
- Laud often ignored or bypassed Charles' orders
- Anthony Milton claimed there was "working towards the Archbishop" in that Laud encouraged those who wanted favour with him to work on policy initiative to bring to him
71
In what ways did Charles and Laud work together on Church policy? (2)
- Charles generally had an idea of what he wanted but did not always know how to achieve it, which is where Laud was useful as he could provide practical solutions
- Charles liked Laud so much in that they were very similar in their views, particularly on order, uniformity and 'thorough'
72
What was William Laud's political position? (2)
- Became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633
| - Throughout the 1630's, he dominated the Privy chamber through his access to the King
73
What was William Laud's main character trait, what did Charles think of this and what impact did it have?
Trait: Obsessed with orderliness and uniformity
Charles: Was extremely similar in his views on society and hence felt a strong political connection with Laud
Impact: Having two politicians in such high positions who both believed in the same idealistic and, ultimately impossible, view of an ordered society created an unbalanced and ineffective leadership
74
What was Laud's most unpopular policy?
-Replacing a communion table with the Altar and moving it to the East side of the church
75
What did opposition think Laud's impact was? (4)
- Gaining more political power for the clergy
- Destroying the Jacobean balance of the church
- Alleged to have misled the king
- Seen as introducing Popish 'innovations' and encouraging a popish plot
76
What was the general consensus of those who opposed Laud? (2)
Mainstream: Wanted a return to the Jacobethan mainstream consensus
Puritans: Wanted a 'Second Reformation'- abolish bishops, prayer books etc. and become more like continental protestant churches
77
What was the main issue with Laud's policy of religious uniformity? (2)
- Infringed parochial custom and wrecked long-established local mechanisms for resolving conflict
- Damaged the Jacobean consensus of practical agreement to tolerate diversity of practice
78
How did Laud impact the political structure in England?
- Laudians acquired a virtual monopoly of senior church offices
- At both national and local levels, clergy were appointed to secular positions and extreme rates (eg. Bishop Juxon became the first clerical Lord Treasurer since the 15th century in 1636)
79
What caused a large amount of fear over Laud's policy? (2)
- It was too reminiscent of catholicism
| - Fear of a popish plot
80
What was an example of a written opposition to Laud?
| What was the outcome of this opposition?
- William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick published pamphlets denouncing Laud and Bishops implementing encouraging popish practises within the church
- All three were brought before Star Chamber in June 1637, where they were convicted of libel, fined £5000 each, imprisoned for life and ordered to have their ears cropped
81
What was the impact of such harsh punishment to those who opposed Laud in writing?
- Blackened Star Chamber's reputation
- Led to considerable public sympathy with victims and damaged Laud's reputation further
- Discouraged such outward opposition
82
How did people oppose Laud?
- Some wrote pamphlets denouncing him
- During the 1630's, as many as 15,000 emigrated to New England for religious reasons
- Many people held reservations but didn't express them punlicly
83
Why did many people not openly oppose Laud? (2)
- The more protestant/puritan sect who strongly opposed him were made up more greatly of the uneducated and illiterate
- Fear due to harsh punishments and lack of support from parliament
84
Who supported the Laudian reforms?
- Won support in Oxford and Cambridge Universities
- Often exercised a particular appeal to the younger generation
- Supported by those whom found calvinism unsympathetic and predestination harsh
- Those who were sympathetic to pre-reformation catholicism
85
What was the fear of a popish plot?
-The fear that catholicism was spreading from within the court and was going to take over the country
86
What were the major reasons for the Anti-Popery in Britain? (2)
- The reformation had created a protestant and broadly anti-catholic culture in England
- The Thirty-years war had led to paranoia and resentment towards catholicism
87
What were the major reasons for a fear of a popish plot under Charles? (4)
- Laudian reforms resembled catholicism in a number of aspects
- Charles was married to a devout catholic, who was allowed to worship freely
- 30 years war caused paranoia over the conflict between protestants and catholics
- Creation of a catholic army in Ireland under Strafford caused concern and uncertainty
88
What was the thirty years war? What did it display about 17th century Europe? (2)
- A war between the protestant and catholic controlled countries in Europe
- Emphasised the conflict between protestants and catholics
89
What plot did Charles fear of his parliament? (2)
- Charles feared that there was a puritan based court conspiracy aimed at overthrowing him
- He claimed that the earlier attacks and subsequent assassination of Buckingham were motivated by 'more secret designs'.
90
How did the contrasting fears of 'plots' between Charles and his court impact government? (2)
- Both sides completely blew things out of proportion, resulting merely in more paranoia and suspicions
- Led to parliament, court and Charles eventually being unable to work together; resulting in the eleven years tyranny, starting in 1629
91
How did Charles' leadership style impact the fear of plots amongst his government? (3)
- His lack of communication with his subjects merely led to a breakdown in trust and more suspicion from both sides
- The increasing levels of suspicion resultantly led to governmental breakdown (11 years tyranny)
- If anything, the paranoia and suspicion is what caused the eventual plots from actually occurring (eg. Puritan revolution)- rather than the other way round- and had there been more communication, it would likely not have happened
92
Was Ireland a protestant country?
-No, it had not undergone a reformation in the same way that England had
93
How did James I deal with catholic instability in Ireland? What was the impact of this?
- James implemented 'Plantations': essentially introducing a puritan ruling class to attempt to both control the people and reform the religion
- Created both a religious and national divide- Protestant vs Catholic and Anglican vs Irish
94
What were Wentworth, Earl of Strafford's main political beliefs?
- Was a strong supporter and a close personal friend of King Charles
- Believed strongly in the policy of uniformity and moreover 'Thorough'
95
Who were the 'Old English' in Ireland?
Catholic English settlers from before the reformation who made up the ruling class of Ireland
96
How did Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, interact with the 'Old English'?
- In the 1634 Irish Parliament, he rejected the 'Graces' despite that the 'Old English' paying subsidies of £120,000 to secure them
eg. Denied security of tenure to those who held estates for more than 60 years & refused to recognise Catholic office-holders
97
When and what were the 'Three Graces' of the 'Old English' in Ireland?
- Implemented in 1628
- Relaxation of the Oath of Supremacy as a test for public office
- non imposition of recusancy fines
- Guarantee of the security of titles for those who had held lands for over 60 years
98
What was the impact on the 'Old English' of Wentworth, Earl of Strafford? (2)
- Struggled for political power or control under Wentworth
- The 'Old english' gradually came to form a common identity with the native Gaelic Irish as a result of their shared catholicism
99
Who were the 'New English' in Ireland?
The Protestant (puritan) ruling class implemented by James I with the creation of the plantations
100
How did Wentworth interact with the 'New English'? (3)
- He aimed to make Ireland a source of profit to the crown and so:
- Extended the area of English settlement, taking back church and crown lands
- Imposed heavy financial burdens on the New English
- Regularly utilised the Court of Castle Chamber against them
101
What was Wentworth, Earl of Strafford's religious views? (2)
- He sought to impose Laudianism
| - Replaced the 1615 'Irish Articles' with the less Calvinist 'Thirty-Nine Articles' in 1634
102
What was Wentworth's most unpopular policy in Ireland?
-His use of prerogative institutions to bypass common law defences of property rights and reclaim former church lands.
103
What were Thomas Wentworth's successful policies in Ireland? (4)
- Putting down pirates
- Maintaining law and order
- Stimulating agriculture, industry and trade
- More than doubling customs revenue through a new 'Customs farm'. From £25,000 in 1633 to £57,000 in 1637
104
What were the biggest fears over Thomas Wentworth? (2) What caused these fears? (3+2)
Fear: that he sought to introduce a Catholic Dictatorship
Causes:
-Implemented Laudianism
-People thought that his policies in Ireland were a testing ground before being implemented in England & Scotland
-Built up a Catholic army in Ireland of 9000 men
Fear: Would utilise Catholic countries in Europe to help the takeover of England
Causes:
-Had been negotiating with Catholic Spain for military support against Scotland
-Thirty Years war had created a paranoia over nationalistic religious divides
105
What led to Thomas Wentworth's death? (3)
- The Nov 1640 Long Parliament targeted Wentworth as they feared he was attempting to orchestrate a Catholic plot
- In April 1641, Parliament brought an Act of Attainder against Wentworth, forcing Charles to sign his death warrant
- Executed in front of 200,000 people on 12 May 1641 (exemplifying his unpopularity)
106
How did Charles' Scottish coronation display how out of touch he was with Scotland?
-He only returned to Scotland for his coronation in 1633- 8 years after he became King
107
When did Charles introduce the Prayer Book in Scotland? What was this prayer book?
- June 1637
| - A much more Arminian prayer book, which offended the Calvinist Scotland
108
When and what was the initial reaction in 1637 to the Arminian prayer book introduced in Scotland? (2)
- July 1637: A number of riots and attacking of Bishops
| - 1637-1638: Many letters and complaints written to the Scottish Council to remove the new liturgy
109
How did Charles respond to the initial rioting and complaints over the Prayer book in Scotland in 1637?
-He removed the prayer book temporarily in order to decide what to do next strategically; ruled out permanent bans however
110
How did the Scots continue to oppose the Prayer Book in 1638?
Many Scots signed up to the national covenant- officially created in February 1638- which declared to protect the reformed religion
111
When and why did Charles call the Glasgow assembly? What was it's outcome?
- Called in Autumn 1638
- Charles believed it could be used to divide his enemies in the covenant
- Covenanters overpowered and dominated the assembly, and so were able to implement their policy
- -> Led to the declaration of Laud's Prayer Book and the New Book of Cannon as unlawful; abolished episcopacy from the Kirk and abolished the "popish" 'Five Articles' adopted by the Scottish General Assembly in 1618
112
What was the King's Covenant? What was it's purpose and impact?
- Was a covenant set up by Charles in 1638 in response to the Scottish covenant
- It gained very little support and was ultimately a complete failure
113
What were the developments from 1638 to 1639 in regards to a war and physical force between Charles and the Scottish covenant (First Bishop's war)? (3)
1638: Charles sent the Marquis of Hamilton to negotiate concessions with the Scots whilst secretly raising an army
March 1639: Charles set up a base in York and started the creation and development of an army
--> An army of 20,000 was eventually raised but it was undertrained and unprepared
June 1639: A peace treaty- The Pacification of Berwick was agreed
114
Following the Pacification of Berwick in June 1639, what were the developments in regards to War and physical force between Charles and the Scottish Covenant? (2)
Late 1639: Charles contacts Wentworth, Earl of Strafford to bring his catholic army from Ireland to fight in Scotland
--> However, Charles still needed money and had spent it all on his army before the Pacification of Berwick
1640: Calls 'Short Parliament' in the hope of raising a parliamentary tax
- -> However, the creation of the 'Short Parliament' merely acted to bring out all the issues during the 11 years tyranny
115
How did Charles manage to direct Scottish anger away from the Bishops towards himself?
Early 1639- Charles issued a proclamation affirming his approval of Laud's Prayer Book and The New Book of Cannon
--> This meant that all those opposing the Books were now in direct conflict with the King
116
How did Charles misinterpret events in Scotland during the First Bishop's War?
- Whilst the Scottish anger was purely religious, Charles believed that it was in fact a conspiracy and direct challenge to the King's rule eg. He published the 'Large Declaration' in early 1639 explaining this fear
- He believed that calling the Glasgow Assembly would divide his enemies whereas it acted to unite them against him
- Believed that affirming his royal approval of the Prayer Books would discourage rebellion whereas it merely caused the Scots to move into direct opposition against the King eg. Proclomation from Traquair in Feb 1638
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Why would multiple kingdoms have caused difficulty for Charles' rule? (2)
- He had to manage three different kingdoms, each with their own religious and cultural beliefs
- He had to ensure that his policy decisions were reflective of the attitudes of each of his kingdoms
118
What are the arguments that the multiple kingdoms should not have caused Charles problems? (2)
-Other monarchies, such as in Spain, had to rule over a larger number of kingdoms which had a greater amount of ethnic and cultural diversity, and they did this well
- James did not struggle in ruling over these multiple kingdoms the way that Charles did
- -> Implies a pilot error
119
Why did Charles lose the First Bishop's War? (6)
- Laudian religious reforms + Charles' social policy angered nobility
- unpopularity of the war in England/disorganisation & lack of an army
- Poor information from advisors
- Lack of parliament meant a limit to the cash flow and the legitimacy of wars
- Strength of the covenanters and the unification of the Scottish response
- Depth of Scottish Presbyterianism
120
What was wrong with the advice Charles had been receiving over the First Bishop's War? (3)
- Most of the advice he was receiving came from Scottish Catholics, notably George Con and the Earl of Nithsdale, whom came into close contact with the king after October 1637
- They constantly convinced Charles that opposition to the prayer book was part of an international Calvinist conspiracy and that any concession would be a threat to National security
- The Scottish Privy council also attempted to deflect responsibility for their actions by playing up to Charles' preconceptions eg. Traquair blamed the resistance on Puritan plots
121
How did Charles' treatment of Lord Lorne impact the outcome of the First Bishop's War? (4)
- In early 1638, Traquair convinced Charles to have Lord Lorne, the leader of the powerful Campbell Clan, on his side for the invasion of Scotland
- Whilst Charles spent time discussing Lorne's problems with the policy in Scotland, he eventually decided to support a plan for the Catholic Earl of Antrim to invade Scotland
- The Earl of Antrim was a member of the McDonald clan- the traditional enemies of the Campbell's
--> This led to Lorne and the Campbell's siding with the Covenanters and represented a significant blow to Charles' chances of winning the war
122
By the First Bishop's War, was Charles more or less confident in his position as King? (2)
More: Felt more strongly about the importance of his role in providing virtue and uniformity
Less: He was increasingly uncertain about the safety of his position and feared a Puritan plot
123
Who made up the Providence Island Company? (4)
- Pym
- The Barringtons
- The St. Johns
- A large number of wealthy Puritans eg. Earl of Warwick and the Earl of Essex
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When and What was the Providence Island Company? (4)
- Founded in December 1630
- Was created with the purpose of founding an ideal Puritan settlement in the Caribbean
- Acted as a meeting point and a network for anti-establishment Puritan activity
- Dissolved as bankrupt in 1650
125
Was the Providence Island Company commercially successful? (5)
No:
- The policy of plantation had failed by 1635
- No serious return on the £120,000 investment
- In serious financial difficulty, the company proposed the sale of an Island to the Dutch West Indies Company in 1637
- -> Charles refused to allow this to happen before Spanish forces took the Providence Island in 1641
- The bankrupted company dissolved itself in 1650
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Was the Providence Island Company politically successful?
- Provided a networking platform for the 'Puritan Network'
eg. -Pym and St. John provided leadership in the Long Parliament
- Many of the members were tried over their refusal to pay ship money
127
How much money did Charles make on Knighthood fines?
Over £173,500
128
How can it be argued that opposition to Charles' rule wasnt as large as it seemed? (4)
- Lack of vocal opposition
- Most opposition was individual rather than in groups
- Majority paid all the loans and fines
- No physical opposition until 1637
129
What were the major causes of opposition to Charles' rule? (4)
- Puritan Network
- Ship Money
- Scotland + Covenanters
- Laudianist reform
130
Which prominent group collaborated with the Scots?
- The Providence Island Company and the Saybrook Project
| - -> Both incorporated a large group of the Puritan Network
131
How did the Puritan Network undermine the King's Personal Rule?
- Released a large degree of religious propaganda after 1637
- Had the status and political power to be able to generate public influence
- Were in political positions that enabled a great degree of power within the provinces and localities
132
When and what was the prayer book revolt?
1637
A rebellion in Scotland against the imposition of The Book of Common Prayer
--> The first major Scottish rebellion against Charles' religious reform
133
When and what was the National Covenant?
- Formed in 1638
- The organised opposition of the Laudian reforms in Scoltand
- -> Fought against the forces of King Charles
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When and what was the First Bishops' War?
- Summer of 1639
| - The political and military conflict of Charles' I forces and the Scottish Covenanter forces over religious reform
135
What were the Irish Graces?
A mixed bundle of concessions which eased the financial, religious and political strain on Irish Catholics
136
What were some of the Irish Graces? (2)
- More religious freedom for Catholics
- Sixty years possession of an estate conferred a valid title from the King (Gave these people the protection of the King)
137
When did Wentworth call the Irish parliament and what did he use it for? (3)
-1634
-Wentworth claimed that there would be two sessions:
The first would be to cover the King's needs and the Second would cover the needs of the Irish people
--> The Old (Catholic English) expected the confirmation of the Graces and so gave generous subsidies in the first session but the Graces were not supplied in the second
138
How did Wentworth cause hostilities with the Old (Catholic) Irish? (4)
- He denied them their graces despite previously promising them
- He reclaimed their land and used it for plantations
- Reduced their political influence
- The influx of 15,000 Scottish Presbyterian settlers between 1615-1640
139
How did Wentworth cause hostilities with the New English in Ireland? (3)
- He regarded them as dishonest and self-serving and so only called one Irish parliament between 1615 and 1640
- Used the Prerogative Court, The Court of Castle Chamber against a number of the New English, such as the Earl of Cork and Lord Wilmot
- Increasing implementation of Laudian Church policy
140
What was the impact of Wentworth's hostility with the politicians and government in Ireland?
-By angering both sides and turning them against each other, he created the environment for a rebellion to take place through a strong sense of disillusionment
141
How did the Puritans sabotage the Bishops' Wars? (3)
- April 1639: both Saye and Brooke refused to provide horses and men for the war effort with the Covenanters
- Saye's son, Nathaniel Fiennes kept the Scots informed of the finances and morale of the English army
- Henry Darley criticised Charles' request for Yorkshire to pay for the billeting of troop in 1640
142
Why did the Puritans sabotage the Bishops Wars? (2)
- Saw it as opportunity to put Charles under pressure and embarrass him
- -> Hoped to gain more political influence and reduce the power of the King
143
What was the issue with monopolies?
They were technically illegal since 1624 but returned under Charles in the form of patents
144
What were Courts of Wards? How much money did Charles gain from them? (2)
- Crown took the income of underage heirs to landed estates
| - Increased its income from £35,000 to £76,000 in 1640
145
Given the methods of money collection under the Personal Rule, did Charles receive adequate funds? Was it successful? (3)
- No, it remained under funded throughout
- Charles attempted no real reform of money collection, merely bringing back old laws or extended current ones
- Successful in that Charles was able to continue funding a culturally exciting court without Parliament
146
When and what was the Book of Sports? What was its impact? (3)
- 1633 Laud revived it (Initially was established in 1618)
- Encouraging sports on Sunday
-->Hated by the Puritans who saw Sundays as holy days for rest and worship
147
What were some of the religious actions during the Personal rule that alerted Puritans? (7)
- Close personal relationships with Bishops- eg. William Juxon Lord Treasurer in 1636
- 1636 Charles received first papal ambassador since reformation- George Con
- Pro Catholic foreign policy (eg. Allowing Spanish silver to be moved across south of England to avoid Dutch Pirates)
- Hoped their might be some reconciliation with the Vatican do destroy Radical Puritanism (Mid 1630s)
- Dissolution of the Feofees for Impropriations for Puritan sympathies
- New Clerical Canons in 1640
- Charles refused to allow court mourning of Protestant hero, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in 1632.
148
To what extent was there serious religious opposition during the Personal rule? (2 facts for + argument against)
- Prynne, Bastwicke and Burton 1637
- 1637, Bishop Williams of Lincoln, most prominent Puritan member on the Bench of Bishops put in Tower of London for criticising Laudian regime until released by Long P
-->Not really a threat, no unified opposition and most emigrated to continent or New World (15k to new world)
149
How did the City of London display signs of flailing Protestantism?
- City of London fined in 1632 for failure to provide Protestant settlers to take over the land of Ireland
150
Evidence of initial opposition to Ship Money in 1635
the sheriff imposing the tax in Oxfordshire was delayed in the collection as many village officers refused to make assessments.
151
Evidence of unspoken but underlying opposition to the Personal rule (2)
- Providence Island Company + Saybrook
- Private correspondence and diaries of the times such as that of Robert Woodford the steward of Northampton who bemoaned the ‘vayne ceremonies’ imposed by the ‘favourers and promoters of superstition and idolatry’.
152
Evidence of support/acceptance of Arminian innovations (2)
- By 1642, there had been a total of 22 petitions from England and 6 from Wales in support of the Book of Common Prayer
- Accounts of Churchwardens in the 1630s that as many as ¾ of England’s 9,000 parishes may have had alter rails by 1639
153
Evidence of Charles' untrustworthiness in Bishops' Wars?
- Charles sent Marquis of Hamilton to negotiate with Scots whilst establishing 20,000 strong army in Yorkshire (March 1639)
He said, ‘flatter them with what hopes you please…until I be ready to suppress them’
154
How did Charles anger the nobility in the First Bishops' War?
- Charles appointed the Earl of Arundel Captain-General of the Army, supported by the Earl of Essex, before angering them both by giving Lord Holland independent control of the cavalry
