Control, Punishment and Victims

Question 1

Clarke - situational crime prevention

Answer 1

focuses on reducing the opportunity to commit crime. EG Target hardening- use cctv.

Question 2

Felson- bus terminal in New York

Answer 2

Toilets often had luggage theft, rough sleeping drug dealing and homosexual acts. They re shaped the toilets to stop this happening, large sinks were homeless could wash were change so small basins.

Question 3

Displacement

Answer 3

1. spatial- move elsewhere
2. temporal- commit at a different time
3. target- change victim
4. tactical- different method
5. funcitonal- commit a different crime

Question 4

Chaiken -

Answer 4

crackdown on subway robberies in NY simply made them happen on the streets above.
not always the case- uk suicide was done by gas, changed the ovens and suicide reduced, people didn’t find a new method they just stopped.

Question 5

Perry pre school

Answer 5

disadvantaged black children got extra intellectual enrichment programme for two years and weekly home visits, by the age of 40, higher percent then normal had graduated, less arrests and more in employment. For every $1 spent the gov saved $17 on welfare and prison etc.

Question 6

Foucault- The Panopticon

Answer 6

Design in prison were guards could see every prisoner but the prisoner could not see the guards, they prisoners knew that the guards could be in their so they were less likely to get involved in deviant crime.

Question 7

Koskela- feminist

Answer 7

cctv is actually just another form of the make gaze.

Question 8

Mathiesen- synoptic surveillance

Answer 8

media also is a from of surveillance, this type allows the many to see the few (opposite of cctv)

Question 9

Feeley and simpson

Answer 9

airport security create a risk assessment of people, looking at age ethnicity gender etc and those who are likely to commit crimes can be stopped and searched. This is calculating the risk, trying to prevent crimes from happening, predicting the future.

Question 10

Lyon- social sorting

Answer 10

we can categories people so they can be treated differently based on the level of risk they pose.

Question 11

Durkheim- two types of justice

Answer 11

1. Retribute- punishment is severe and cruel, and its motivation is purely expressive.
2. Restitutive- aims to restore things to how they were, repairing the damage.

Question 12

Marx

Answer 12

Function of punishment is to maintain the existing social order, defending the rulings classes property against the lower class.

Question 13

Garland

Answer 13

we are in an era of mass incarceration, especially the use _ 698 out of every 100,000 people are in jail.

Question 14

Miers- positivist victimology’s three features

Answer 14

1. it aims to identify the factors that produce patterns in victimisation
2. focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence
3. aims to identify victims who have contributed to their own victimisation

Question 15

Critical victimology - two elements

Answer 15

1. Structural factors- patriarchy and poverty, place powerless groups at greater risk of victimisation.
2. States power to apply or deny the label of victim- victim is a social construct, some are victims some or not.

Question 16

Patterns of victimisation

Answer 16

Class- poorest group more likely
Age- youngest people
Ethnicity- ethnic minorities
Gender- men
Repeat victimisation- victim once you are likely to be one again.