Control of Ventilation

Question 1

what part of the CNS contains the central pattern generator for breathing?

where is the central pattern generator

Answer 1

• brainstem

- medulla

Question 2

what group contains the Botzinger complex

Answer 2

• ventral respiratory group

Question 3

what is the pacemaker that controls the ventilation

Answer 3

• Botzinger complex

Question 4

does the ventral respiratory group contain inspiratory or expiratory neurons

Answer 4

• both

Question 5

ventral respiratory group projects to

Answer 5

• phrenic nerve
• intercostal neurons
• abdominal motor neurons

Question 6

dorsal respiratory group contains inspiratory or expiratory neurons?

Answer 6

• inspiratory

Question 7

dorsal respiratory group receives mainly _______ input from peripheral respiratory receptors

Answer 7

• sensory inputs

Question 8

where is the main sensory nucleus located

Answer 8

• dorsal respiratory group

Question 9

pneumotaxic and apneustic centers are located in

Answer 9

• the pons

Question 10

which center causes gasping; prolonged inspiration and short expiration

Answer 10

• apneustic

Question 11

which center causes prolonged rhythmic breathing

Answer 11

• pneumotaxic

Question 12

phrenic motor neurons located where

project to

Answer 12

• C2-C5

- diaphragm

Question 13

thoracic motor neurons located where

project to

Answer 13

• T1-T12

- intercostals

Question 14

lumbar motor neurons project to

Answer 14

• abdominals

Question 15

peripheral chemoreceptors located

Answer 15

• common carotid artery (glomus cell)

- aortic arch

Question 16

major stimulus of peripheral chemoreceptors

special value

Answer 16

• low O2

< 60 mm Hg

Question 17

which receptors sense CO2 and H+

Answer 17

• central chemoreceptors

Question 18

what is the primary sensory of low CSF pH

what is their response

Answer 18

• glia

- release ATP

Question 19

what about CSF decreases its buffering power

result

Answer 19

• low protein content

- more sensitive to chemical changes that alter pH

Question 20

what receptors are located in the airway smooth muscle

Answer 20

• pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 21

what happens when you stimulate pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 21

• inhibits ventilation

Question 22

what happens if you sever the vagus nerve

Answer 22

• increase tidal volume

Question 23

between pulmonary stretch receptors and pulmonary irritant receptors, which are rapidly adapting and which are slower adapting

Answer 23

• pulmonary stretch - slowly adapting

- pulmonary irritant - rapidly adapting

Question 24

what receptors respond to blood-borne substances, pulmonary vascular congestion or edema

Answer 24

• juxtacapillary receptors

Question 25

what does activation of the juxtacapillary receptors cause

Answer 25

• transient apnea
• rapid shallow breathing
• bronchoconstriction
• mucus secretion

Question 26

what receptor are involved in dyspnea associated with left heart failure and interstitial lung disease

Answer 26

• juxtacapillary receptors