All Zanki Final Stuff - Pathology Flashcards
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a cause of _____ lung disease
- interstitial lung disease
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is usually seen in individuals with
- asthma
- cystic fibrosis
An EGFR “driver mutation” is especially common in [race] female [smoking status] who have adenocarcinomas of the lung
- asian female nonsmokers
Asthma is often associated with _______, ________ and a family history of ________
- allergic rhinitis
- eczema,
- atopy
Asthma may present with a(n) […] inspiratory/expiratory ratio
- decreased
- prolonged expiration
Asthma may present with ________ on CXR
- peribronchial cuffing
diagnostics of ARDS
- Abnormal CXR
- Respiratory failure within 1 week of insult
- Decreases PaO2/FiO2 ratio
- Symptoms not due to Heart Failure
Because the facial vein is valveless, infections of the face can spread to the […]
- cavernous sinus
Berylliosis is characterized by a […] histology and therefore is occassionally responsive to treatment with steroids
- granulomatous
Bronchial carcinoid tumor is characterized histologically by nests of […] differentiated _________ cells
- well
- neuroendocrine
Bronchiectasis is due to chronic […] inflammation or obstruction which results in permanently dilated airways
- necrotizing
Bronchopneumonia is often multifocal and […] (uni- or bilateral)
- bilateral
central sleep apnea is treated with
- positive airway pressure
Central sleep apnea may be also caused by delayed detection / response to changes in […] resulting in cyclic (…) breathing
- PaCO2
- Cheyne-Stokes
Cheyne-Stokes breathing is defined by respirations that oscillate between […] and […] in response
- apnea
- hyper apnea
Chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis in a cystic fibrosis patient leads to a […] pattern on CXR
- reticulonodular
Chronic bronchitis is associated with […], due to early-onset hypoxemia from shunting
- cyanosis
Chronic complications of emphysema include […] (due to destruction of capillaries in the alveolar sac) with eventual cor pulmonale
- hypoxemia
Clinical features of emphysema include dyspnea and cough with […] sputum production (quantity)
- minimal
Bronchiectasis is due to chronic necrotizing inflammation or […] which results in permanently dilated airways
- obstruction
Complications of bronchiectasis include secondary
[…] and hypoxemia with
cor pulmonale
- amyloidosis
Compression / neuropathy of the phrenic nerve results in […] inspirations during maximal voluntary ventilation
- uniform weak (like always weak)
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) may present with late inspiratory ______________ (sound heard on lung exam)
- crackles
Consolidation (lobar pneumonia, pulmonary edema) presents with ________ fremitus
- increased
COPD patients with oxygen induced hypercapnia suffer from excess oxygen induced generation of increased […]
- physiologic dead space
Cystic fibrosis may present with […] (volume)_____ (pH)
- contraction
- alkalosis
Cystic fibrosis may present with […]natremia
- hypo
buzzwords for Wegener’s
- necrotizing
- granulomatous
- vasculitis
Death from a saddle pulmonary emboli is due to […] dissociation
- electromechanical
during what days does red hepatization occur
congestion phase
gray hepatizaiton
- days 3-4
- days 1-2
- days 5-7
Emphysema is characterized by loss of […], which inhibits the ability to exhale air from the alveoli (air trapping)
- elastic recoil
Emphysema is characterized by […] of air spaces
- enlargement
Endothelial dysfunction of the pulmonary vasculature results in increased […] and decreased […]
- increased vasoconstrictors
- decreased vasodilators
Granulomas due to sarcoidosis may have […] bodies, which are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells
- Schaumann
In an asthmatic response, inflammatory mediators, especially […] from eosinophils, damages cells and perpetuates bronchoconstriction (late-phase reaction)
- major basic protein
DLCO in asthma
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
- normal or elevated
- normal
- decreased
In cystic fibrosis, increased intracellular Cl- results in compensatory increased Na+
[…] via epithelial Na+ channels
- reabsorption
In patients with long standing COPD, the main contributor to respiratory drive is arterial […] levels
- PaO2
In ARDS, activation of […] by proinflammatory cytokines induces free radical and protease-mediated damage of both type I and II pneumocytes
- neutrophils
Infections in the sphenoid or ethmoid sinus may extend to the […] sinus and cause complications
- cavernous
Inflammation in the lung normally leads to release of […] by neutrophils and macrophages
- proteases
Is bronchial carcinoid tumor related to smoking?
no
Is large cell carcinoma related to smoking?
- yes
Klebsiella pneumoniae is often complicated by […] formation in the lungs and liver
- abscess
Large cell carcinoma is characterized histologically by […] differentiated large cells
- poorly
Laryngeal papillomas may have […] change on biopsy
- koilocytic
Laryngomalacia presents with __________ during infancy due to collapse of […] during inspiration
- inspiratory stridor
- supraglottic tissues
Lower limb DVT may be associated with […] upon dorsiflexion of the foot (Homan sign)
- calf pain
Lung abscess commonly occurs in patients predisposed to […] (e.g. alcoholics, epileptics)
- loss of consciousness
Lung abscesses may present with […] on CXR, which suggests _______
- air-fluid levels
- cavitation
Lung […] is a localized collection of pus within the parenchyma
- abscess
Malignant otitis externa is an emergency that can progress to osteomyelitis of the […]
- skull base
Malignant otitis externa is most commonly seen in the […] population
- diabetic
Many patients with inhalation injury present secondary to […], ____ inhalation, _______ poisoning, or _______ poisoning
- burns
- CO
- cyanide
- arsenic
Mesothelioma presents with recurrent […], dyspnea, and chest pain
- pleural effusions
Mild exposure to carbon (e.g. pollution) results in […], which is an asymptomatic condition characterized by collections of carbon-laden macrophages
- anthracosis
Most pulmonary emboli arise via a thromboembolus from the proximal […] of the lower extremity
- deep veins
Mutant α1-antitrypsin polymerizes and accumulates in the […] of hepatocytes, resulting in liver damage (e.g. cirrhosis)
- endoplasmic reticulum
Nasal polyps are associated with _______________ in adults
- aspirin intolerant asthma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often presents with involvement of ________ lymph nodes
- cervical
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is associated with diffuse granularity of the lung with a “[…]” appearance on CXR
- ground glass
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with difficult to manage […] due to increased sympathetic tone
- systemic hypertension
Obstructive sleep apnea is due to relaxation of […] during sleep
resulting in
- pharyngeal muscle tone
- closure of upper airway, decline PO2 and increased PCO2
Obstructive sleep apnea may be caused by excess […] tissue in adults (age group)
- parapharyngeal
Obstructive sleep apnea may be caused by […] hypertrophy in children (age group)
- adenotonsillar
Most pulmonary emboli arise via a thromboembolus from the […] deep veins of the lower extremity
- proximal
Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with difficult to manage systemic hypertension due to increased […]
- sympathetic tone
One complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is autoimmune […] due to high concentrations of cold agglutinins (IgM)
- hemolytic anemia
One multifactorial cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension is due to _______ of the pulmonary vasculature by ______
- compression
- tumor
One test for fetal lung maturity is the _____:_____ ratio in the amniotic fluid
- surfactant
- albumin
Pancoast tumors may cause […] syndrome, which is characterized by shoulder pain, Horner syndrome, atrophy of hand/arm muscles, and edema (due to vascular compression)
- Pancoast
Pathogenesis of asthma involves allergens inducing a TH[…] phenotype in CD4+ T cells of genetically susceptible individuals
- TH2
Patients who develop pulmonary infarction may develop right heart strain that generates a ______ EKG finding
- S1Q3T3
Patients with long standing COPD who are administered excessive oxygen can develop […]
- hypercapnia
Patients with sarcoidosis may have scattered granulomas in their liver; most commonly affecting the […]
- portal triads
Pleural effusion causes restricted lung […] (inspiration or expiration)
- inspiration
Pneumothorax presents with […] tactile fremitus on the affected side
- decreased
Presenting symptoms of lung cancer are non-specific and include cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and post-obstructive […]
- pneumonia
Primary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is most commonly due to a defect in […]
- macrophages
- defect in surfactant production
Primary TB classically forms a […], which is a calcified granulomatous lesion with hilar lymphadenopathy
- Ghon complex
Primary TB results in focal caseating necrosis in the […] or […] lobes of the lung and hilar lymph nodes
- lower or middle
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by […] of the pulmonary trunk
- atherosclerosis
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure > […] at rest
- 25
Pulmonary emboli are usually clinically silent due to the dual blood supply of the lungs via the ________ and ______ arteries
- pulmonary and bronchial
Pulmonary […] may arise with chronic emboli that are reorganized over time
- hypertension
Pulmonary […] due to PE occurs if a large- or medium-sized artery is obstructed in patients with pre-existing cardiopulmonary compromise
- infarction
Recovery of ARDS may be complicated by […] due to loss of type II pneumocytes
- interstitial fibrosis/scarring
Restrictive lung diseases are most commonly due to […] diseases of the lung
- interstitial
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by widespread […] granulomas
- noncaseating
Sarcoidosis may be visualized on CXR as
- bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
- coarse reticular opacities
Secondary pulmonary hypertension due to Heart Disease may arise due to increased […] in the pulmonary circuit (e.g. left heart failure, congenital heart disease)
- volume
Secondary TB may involve the CNS, causing _______ with granulomas at the base of the brain
- meningitis
Secondary TB may involve the kidneys, causing sterile […]
- pyuria
Severe, unrelenting asthma attacks can result in […] and death
- status asthmaticus
Silicosis may present with “[…]” calcification of the hilar lymph nodes
- eggshell
Sleep apnea is associated with arrhythmias, especially […]
- atrial fibrillation/flutter
Sleep apnea is associated with […] due to nocturnal hypoxia
- pulmonary hypertension
Sleep apnea is characterized by a […] Pao2 and Paco2 during the day
- normal
Stimulation of the […] nerve can be used as a therapy for obstructive sleep apnea by increasing the diameter of the oropharyngeal airway
- hypoglossal
SVC syndrome can be caused by […] from indwelling central venous catheters
- thromboemboli
SVC syndrome can raise […] pressure (if obstruction is severe), leading to headaches and dizziness
- intracranial
SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the head, resulting in “facial […]”
- plethora
SVC syndrome is characterized by impaired drainage of the neck, resulting in […]
- JVD
SVC syndrome is commonly caused by malignancy, such as:
- mediastinal mass
- superior sulcus tumor
Symptoms of bronchial carcinoid tumor are related to
- mass effect
- carcinoid syndrome
The BMPR2 gene normally inhibits _________ proliferation
- vascular smooth muscle
The cause of primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is often
- idiopathic
The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Sepsis
- Pancreatitis, Pneumonia
- Aspiration
- uRemia
- Trauma
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Shock
The imaging test of choice for deep venous thrombosis is
- compression ultrasound
The most common pulmonary function test indicator of obesity related disease is a reduction in […]
- ERV
The normal mean pulmonary artery pressure is between […] and […] mmHg
- 10 and 14
The reduction of respiratory compliance in obesity is in part due to a reduction in […] compliance, due to increased weight
- chest wall
The ________:________ ratio in amniotic fluid is used to screen for lung maturity
- lecithin:sphingomyeiln
what tidal volume do we give for treatment of ARDS
- low
- 4-6 mL/kg of body weight
Treatment of cystic fibrosis includes […], which is used as an anti-inflammatory agent
- azithromycin
Villous adenomas can cause […] diarrhea, hypovolemia, and electrolyte abnormalities
- secretory
Viral pneumonia may damage the […], which consequently predisposes to superimposed bacterial pneumonia
- mucociliary escalator
What are the most common presenting symptoms (2) of pulmonary sarcoidosis?
- cough and dyspnea
What demographic is associated with Coxiella burnetii pneumonia?
- farmers and veterinarians
What demographic is associated with small (oat) cell carcinoma?
- male smokers
What demographic is classically associated with angiofibroma?
- adolescent males
What demographic is classically associated with primary pulmonary hypertension?
- young adult females
What demographic is commonly affected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
- young adults in close quarters
- military or college students
What drug is commonly used to treat lung abscesses?
- clindamycin
What flow-volume pattern would diffuse intraalveolar hemorrhage cause?
- restrictive
What histological finding may be associated with mesothelioma?
- psammoma bodies
What is empyema?
- pus in pleural space
What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis?
- H. flu type b
What is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)?
- parainfluenza virus
What is the most common symptom of pulmonary embolus?
- most often clinically silent
What is the prognosis of bronchial carcinoid tumor?
- excellent prognosis
What is the prognosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma?
- excellent prognosis
What is the prognosis of large cell carcinoma?
- poor prognosis
What kind of flow volume pattern would compression atelectasis cause?
- restrictive
What lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio is indicative of adequate surfactant production?
> 2
What liver pathology is associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency?
- cirrhosis
What may be seen on spiral CT in a patient with a pulmonary embolism?
- vascular filling defects
What type of carcinoma are most head and neck cancers?
- squamous cell carcinoma
What type of pneumonia is characterized by acute inflammatory infiltrates from bronchioles into adjacent alveoli?
- bronchopneumonia
What type of pneumonia is typically caused by S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, and Klebsiella?
- bronchopneumonia
When supplemental oxygen is administered to a patient with chronic COPD, the rapid increase in PaO2 can reduce […] stimulation
- peripheral chemoreceptor
Which obstructive lung disease is associated with secondary (AA) amyloidosis?
- bronchiectasis
Which obstructive lung disease may be caused by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
- bronchiectasis
Which two pneumoconioses increase the risk for Caplan syndrome?
- Coal worker’s pneumonconiosis and Silicosis
Which two pneumoconioses increase the risk for cor pulmonale?
- Berylliosis and Silicosis
Which type of lung carcinoma may present with cavitations on CXR?
- squamous cell carcinoma
[…] is the most common cause of primary lung carcinoma (40%)
- adenocarcinoma
[…] presents with “Ivory white”, calcified
supradiaphragmatic and pleural plaques
- asbestosis
[…] is characterized by a triad of asthma, aspirin-induced bronchospasms, and nasal polyps
- aspirin-intolerant asthma
[…] is a pneumoconiosis that presents with noncaseating granulomas in the lung, hilar lymph nodes, and systemic organs
also similar to
- Berylliosis
- similar to sarcoidosis
[…] is an obstructive lung disease that may be caused by cystic fibrosis
- bronchiectasis
[…] is characterized by scattered, patchy consolidation centered around bronchioles
- Bronchopneumonia
[…] sleep apnea can occur due patients having marginal ventilation when awake (e.g. CNS disease, neuromuscular disease, severe kyphoscoliosis, heavy dose narcotics)
- central
[…] is a common cause of atypical pneumonia in post-transplant patients on immunosuppressive therapy
- cytomegalovirus
common causes of pneumonia superimposed on COPD
- legionella
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- H. flu
pathologic presentation of IPF known as
- UIP (usual interstitial pneumonitis)
[…] is often a complication from smoke inhalation from fires or other noxious substances
- inhalation injury
[…] is a cause of pneumonia that most commonly effects the elderly, alcoholics, and diabetics (due to aspiration)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
[…] pulmonary emboli may cause sudden death
why?
- large saddle
- blocks both left and right pulmonary arteries
[…] is a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromized patients that is best visualized by silver stain
- Legionella
[…] is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia in young adults
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
[…] syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough
- obesity hypoventilation (Pickwickian syndrome)
[…] lesions are small, vascular channels that may be seen with severe, long standing pulmonary hypertension
- plexiform
particularly mutagenic carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- arsenic
[…] exposure is the 2nd most frequent cause of lung carcinoma in the U.S.
- radon
[…] is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia in infants
- RSV
[…] is an eye complication associated with supplemental O2 therapy in NRDS patients (due to neovascularization)
- retinopathy of prematurity
[…] pneumothorax may be due to diseased lung (e.g. bullae in emphysema, infections) or meconium aspiration
- secondary spontaneous
what cancers arise from neuroendocrine cells?
- small cell carcinoma
- bronchial carcinoid tumor
[…] carcinoma of the lung is the most common tumor in male smokers
- squamous cell carcinoma
[…] pneumothorax may be due to iatrogenic causes, such as bronchoscopy, subclavian line placement, thoracentesis, barotrauma
- traumatic
__________ used for prophylaxis and acute management of DVT
- unfractionated or LMW heparin
Adenocarcinoma in situ is a subtype of adenocarcinoma that typically arises from […] cells
- Club (Clara) cells
Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung presents similarly to […] on CXR (hazy infiltrates, consolidation)
- pneumonia
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is associated with
- hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Horner syndrome is a triad of ipsilateral […], […], and […]
- ptosi, miosis, anhidrosis
Klebsiella pneumoniae infection is characterized by a thick mucoid capsule that results in gelatinous, ‘[…]’ sputum
- currant jelly
Large cell carcinoma of the lung may secrete the hormone […]
- beta-hCG
_______ pleural effusion occurs due to […] injury from trauma or malignancy
- lymphatic
- thoracic duct
Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce the anterior pituitary hormone […] leading to […]
- ACTH
- Cushings
Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce the posterior pituitary hormone […] leading to […]
- ADH
- SIADH
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung may produce […] leading to hyper-[…]
- PTHrP
- hypercalcemia
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is characterized histologically by a […] pattern that often stains positive for _____
- glandular
- stain positive for mucin
think glands and adeno
Small (oat) cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized by positive staining fo
- chromogranin A
- neuron-specific enolase
- synaptophysin
- NCAM (CD56)
Small (oat) cell lung carcinoma may produce antibodies against […] causing _________
- antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels
- causing Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Smoking results in ______ emphysema that is most severe in the _____ lobes of the lung
- centriacinar
- upper lobes
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is characterized histologically by
- keratin pearls
- desmosomes (intercellular bridges)
α1-antitrypsin deficiency results in […] emphysema that is most severe in the _____ lobes of the lung
- panacinar
- lower lobes
α1-antitrypsin deficiency is characterized by pink/purple colored, […]-positive globules in hepatocytes
- PAS positive
______________ of the lung is associated with activating mutations in the KRAS, EGFR, and ALK genes
- adenocarcinoma
