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BRS Cardio & Respiratory > Control of Lung Function > Flashcards

Control of Lung Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main respiratory nuclei in the medulla oblongata?

A

Dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
apneustic centre
pneumotaxic centre

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2
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Inspiratory centre
Main ‘controller’ of inspiration
Set the ‘rate’

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3
Q

What is the ventral respiratory group?

A

Expiratory centre
Inactive during quiet breathing
Inhibit apneustic centre

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4
Q

What is the apneustic centre?

A

stimulates activity in the dorsal respiratory group

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5
Q

What is the pneumotaxic group?

A

The inspiratory off switch
Regulates depth and frequency

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6
Q

How does DIVE mnemonic help?

A

dorsal inspiration
ventral expiration

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7
Q

What inhibits what and what stimulates what out of the groups?

A

Apneustic centre stimulates dorsal

ventral respiratory group inhibits dorsal and apneustic

dorsal inhibits ventral

pneumotaxic inhibits dorsal

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8
Q

What are the respiratory pacemakers during quiet breathing and how do they work?

A

ramp potential pattern

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9
Q

What is the innervation of respiratory muscles?

A

Parasympathetic
- vagus nerve
- to pulmonary plexus and meets up with sympathetic nerve
- goes to medulla
- jugular and nodose ganglion

Sympathetic
- sympathetic chain
- comes out of spinal cord

Motor
- diaphragm with phrenic nerve
- intercostal muscles with intercostal nerves

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10
Q

What type of capillaries does normal circulation and the BBB have?

A

normal= continuous capillaries (H2O-filled gap junction)

BBB= continuous capillaries (w/ Tight junction)

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11
Q

What can and cannot pass the BBB?

A

charged/ large molecules cannot pass the BBB

CO2 is highly lipid soluble so it can

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12
Q

What is the relationship between the BBB, CSF, medulla and the molecules H+, CO2, HCO3-?

A

H+ and HCO3- cannot pass the BBB

CO2 can so it enters the CSF and reacts with water

This forms H+ ions and HCO3-

The H+ ions enter the medulla

These protons directly stimulate afferent nerves

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13
Q

What are the Afferents that affect ventilation?

A

Irritant receptors
Stretch receptors
J-receptors

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14
Q

What are irritant receptors?

A

Afferent receptors embedded within and beneath airway epithelium

Leads to cough: which involves forceful expiration against a closed glottis with sudden glottal opening & high velocity expulsion of air

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15
Q

What are stretch receptors?

A

Excessive inflation of lungs activates pulmonary stretch receptors

Afferent signals to respiratory centres inhibit DRG and apneustic centre and stimulate pneumotaxic VRG

Inspiration inhibited & expiration stimulated

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16
Q

What are j-receptors?

A

Sensitive to oedema and pulmonary capillary engorgement

Increases breathing frequency

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17
Q

Where is the location of stretch, irritant and j-receptors?

A
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18
Q

What is volitional apnnoea?

A

Voluntarily not breathing for a long period of time

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19
Q

What happens to ventilation, PaO2 and PaCO2 during volitional apnea?

A
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20
Q

What is inspiration stimulated by?

A

Central H+ concentration
Juxtacapillary oedema/ pulmonary engorgement
Motor control
Limbic system
Peripheral O2 concentration
peripheral proprioceptors
Skin thermoreceptors

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21
Q

What is expiration stimulated by?

A

airway stretch receptors, limbic system, motor control

22
Q

what is coughing stimulated by?

A

airway irritant receptors

23
Q

What is an acid?

A

any molecule with a loosely bound H+ ion that it can donate

24
Q

What happens if the acidity of the blood is not regulated?

A

alters the 3D structure of proteins (enzymes, hormones, protein channels)

25
Q

How would you describe a base?

A

anionic (negatively charged ion) capable of reversibly binding protons

26
Q

What is the balanced equilibrium equation with H+ ions?

A
27
Q

What is the equilibrium equation for H2CO3?

A
28
Q

What is an example of acid base homeostasis?

A

chloride shift

29
Q

How was the buffering capacity of blood identified?

A

by Pitts and Swan

Dog is anaesthetised and baseline bloods drawn pH= 7.44

The dog was then injected with 14 molar acid
- they expected the dog to die with a pH of 2.5

What actually happened is the dog survived and had a pH of 7.14

30
Q

What is amazing about the blood buffering capacity?

A

enormous buffering capacity and can react almost immediately to imbalances

31
Q

What are the log rules for pH?

A
32
Q

What is alkalaemia?

A

Refers to high-than-normal pH of blood

33
Q

What is acidaemia?

A

Refers to lower-than-normal pH of blood

34
Q

What is alkilosis?

A

Describes circumstances that will decrease [H+] and increase pH

35
Q

What is acidosis?

A

Describes circumstances that will increase [H+] and decrease pH

36
Q

What do changes in ventilation lead to?

A

Can stimulate RAPID compensatory response to change in CO2 eliminate and therefore alter pH

37
Q

What can changes in certain ions retention in the kidneys lead to?

A

Changes in HCO3- and H+ retention/secretion in the kidneys can stimulate a SLOW compensatory response to increase/decrease pH

38
Q

What do you need during acidosis and what do you need during alkilosis?

A

An acidosis will need an alkalosis to correct
An alkalosis will need an acidosis to correct

39
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Positioned near the carotid baroreceptors (sensitive to changes in blood pressure)

40
Q

What are aortic bodies and where are they found?

A

in aortic arch

Cells detect blood pH and also oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions

41
Q

What is the HbO2 saturation (%) like in systemic and pulmonary circulation?

A
42
Q

How are emotional responses important for changes in ventilation?

A

limbic system

43
Q

What happens to breathing during exercise?

A

Efferents from primary motor cortex to gross skeletal musculature partly innervate medulla

Proprioceptive afferents from muscle spindles & golgi tendon organs innervate medulla on way to brain

44
Q

What is the effect of skin afferent on breathing while being immersed in cold water (<10C)?

A

Inspiratory gasp/ hyperventilation

45
Q

What is the blood pH tightly regulated at?

A

7.35-7.45

46
Q

What does the term -osis refer to?

A

conditions precipitating a changing pH

47
Q

How would you describe pH in terms of logs?

A

pH is inversely and logarithmically proportional to proton concentration

48
Q

What are the 2 types of pH disturbances?

A

respiratory or metabolic

49
Q

What are compensatory responses usually and give examples?

A

Compensatory responses are usually the opposite of the original aetiology
(e.g. respiratory disturbance has renal response and metabolic disturbances have respiratory response)

50
Q

Do you understand these diagrams?

A

basic blood gas disturbances

51
Q

What are basic blood gas disturbances?

A

hypo and hyperventilation

diarrhoea
vomiting

BRS Cardio & Respiratory (28 decks)

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