Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS Cardio & Respiratory > 1b// Respiratory failure > Flashcards

1b// Respiratory failure Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiratory failure?

A

syndrome of inadequate gas exchange due to dysfunction of one or more components of respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is ARDS?

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 steps of ARDS classification?

A

by timing
chest imaging
origin of oedema
PF ratio (perfusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the classifications of respiratory failure?

A

acute
chronic
acute on chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the causes of acute respiratory failure?

A

pulmonary: infection, aspiration, primary graft dysfunction
extra-pulmonary: trauma, pancreatitis, sepsis
neuromuscular: myasthenia/GBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the causes of chronic respiratory failure?

A

pulmonary: COPD, lung fibrosis, CF, lobectomy
musculoskeletal: muscular dystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the causes of acute on chronic RF?

A

infective exacerbation e.g COPD
myasthenic crises
post operative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the physiological classifications of RF?

A

type 1 - hypoxemic
type 2 - hypercapnic
type 3 - perioperative
type 4 - shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

failure of oxygen exchange

PO2 <60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the causes of type 1 respiratory failure?

A 
collapse
aspiration
pulmonary oedema
fibrosis
pulmonary embolism
pulmonary hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is type 2 RF?

A

failure to exchange or remove carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the causes of type 2 RF?

A 
nervous system
neuromuscular
muscle failure
airway obstruction
chest wall deformity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is type 3 RF?

A

increased airway collapse due to low functional residual capacity with abnormal abdominal wall mechanics
hypoxemia or hypercapnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is type 4 RF?

A

intubated and ventilated patients during shock (septic, cardiogenic, neurologic)
poor perfusion with positive pressure in thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the risk factors for chronic RF?

A 
COPD
pollution
recurrent pneumonia
cystic fibrosis
pulmonary fibrosis
neuromuscular diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the causes of acute RF?

A 
infection
aspiration
trauma inflammatory response
pancreatitis
transfusion
17
Q

what occurs during acute lung injury?

A

alveolar macrophages and type 2 cells activate
release of IL-6,8, TNF-a
protein rich oedema occurs
surfactant may degrade and make alveolus less efficient
migration of neutrophils into interstitium - proteases, inflamm mediators released
increases alveolar-capillary distance, less efficient gas exchange

18
Q

what are the three umbrellas of therapeutic intervention for RF?

A

treat underlying cause
respiratory support
multiple organ support

19
Q

how are the underlying causes of RF treated?

A

inhaled therapies - bronchodilators, pulmonary vasodilators
steroids
antibiotics/virals
drugs - pyridostigmine, plasma exchange, IVIG, rituximab

20
Q

how is respiratory support provided in RF?

A 
physiotherapy
oxygen
nebulisers
high flow O2
non invasive ventilation
intubation (mechanical vent)
extra corporeal support (ECMO_
21
Q

how is multiple organ support provided in people with RF?

A

CV support - fluids, vasopressors, inotropes, pulmonary vasodilators
renal support - haemofiltration, haemodialysis
immune therapies - plasma exchange, convalescent plasma

22
Q

what are the consequences of ARDS?

A

poor gas exchange - inadequate oxygenation, poor perfusion, hypercapnoea
infection - sepsis
inflammation
systemic effects

23
Q

what are the pitfalls to mechanical ventilation?

A

trapping of air not fully exhaled causing increased pressure
may lead to ventilator induced lung injury
therefore exhalation must be set to correct length

24
Q

what are the parameters for the Murray scoring of acute lung injury/need for ECMO?

A

chest xray
lung compliance
oxygen saturations
PEEP

25
Q

what scores mean what in the Murray scoring system?

A

normal - 0
1-2.5 - mild
2.5 - severe
3 - ECMO required

26
Q

what are the inclusion criteria for ECMO?

A

severe respiratory failure of non cardiac cause
positive pressure ventilation not appropriate
reversible disease process
unlikely to lead to prolonged disability

27
Q

what are the exclusion criteria for ECMO?

A

contraindication to continuation of active treatment
significant comorbidity so dependence on ECMO support
significant life limiting comorbidity

28
Q

what is ECMO and its process?

A

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
catheter from femoral/jugular vein to IVC
withdrawal of blood, passed over artificial membrane to remove CO2 and oxygenate

BRS Cardio & Respiratory (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions