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BIOS4001 - Respiratory System > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the respiratory muscles and what do we use them for?

A

Diaphram and intercostal muscles, used for:
- appropriate gas exchange
- defence of lung and airways
- other functions (non-metabolic)

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2
Q

What are the two separable controllers in the brain?

A
  • Automatic bulbopontine controller (Brainstem)
  • Behavioural Suprapontine control (widely distributed)
    (slide 5)
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3
Q

What are the 2 chemoreceptors?

A
  • peripheral
  • central
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4
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A
  • carotid bodies
    stimulated by acidosis, hypercapnia and Hypoxaemia.
  • aortic arch
    stimulated by hypercapnia and hypoxia
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5
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A
  • located on the surface of the medulla (brain)
    respond to ↑PaCO2
    not arterial pH, not arterial PO2
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6
Q

What are the different types of mechanoreceptor inputs from the lungs?

A
  • slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
  • rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
  • J receptors (bronchial C fiber receptors)
  • irritant receptors
    (slide 7)
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7
Q

What are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

(inflation reflex or Hering-Breuer reflex) a protective reflex that prevents overinflation of the lungs

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8
Q

What are rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in lung volume and play a role in regulating breathing patterns.

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9
Q

What are J receptors?

A

(bronchial C fiber receptors)
- small-diameter non-myelinated fibers
- that respond to tissue damage or oedema

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10
Q

What are irritant receptors?

A
  • small-diameter myelinated fibers
  • that respond to inhaled irritants and initiate cough & sneeze reflexes
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11
Q

What are the mechanoreceptor inputs from the chest wall?

A
  • joint receptors
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • muscle spindles
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12
Q

What are the different sensory inputs from the respiratory system and chest wall?

A
  • nose - trigeminal nerve (V)
  • pharynx - glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) & vagus nerve (X)
  • larynx - vagus nerve (X)
  • lungs - vagus nerve (X)
  • chest wall - spinal nerves
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13
Q

What is the common neural output to the pump muscles involved in breathing?

A
  • diaphragm - phrenic nerve & cervical plexus (C3-C5)
  • intercostal muscles innervated by T1-T12 spinal nerves
  • abdominal muscles innervated by T6-L1 spinal nerves
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14
Q

What happens if there is a lesion (abnormal tissue) at C2 in the spinal cord?

A

Can lead to complete dependence on artificial ventilation, as it affects the phrenic nerve

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15
Q

What happens if there is a lesion at C7 in the spinal cord?

A

The person may only be able to breathe in with the diaphragm and not exhale effectively.

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16
Q

What happens if there is a lesion at T5 in the spinal cord?

A

The person may not be able to actively exhale and have difficulty with forced expiration during breathing

17
Q

What are the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons?

A
  • Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
  • Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
  • Pontine Centers
18
Q

What is the function of the Dorsal Respiratory Group?

A

The Dorsal Respiratory Group innervates the inspiratory muscles and is responsible for generating the basic rhythm of breathing.

19
Q

What is the function of the Ventral Respiratory Group?

A

The Ventral Respiratory Group innervates the accessory muscles of both inhalation and exhalation and is only active during forced breathing.

20
Q

What are the Pontine Centers in the respiratory system?

A
  • located in the pons
  • responsible for smooth and modifying the pattern of respiration
21
Q

What are the 2 Pontine Centres?

A
  • Apneustic Centre – stimulates the DRG
  • Pneumotaxic Centre – inhibits apneustic
22
Q

What sensory information modifies the activity of respiratory centers?

A

Modified by sensory information from various receptors such as chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, lung stretch receptors, and other sensory receptors.

23
Q

What is the activity of the respiratory centers during quiet breathing?

A

generate an automatic rhythm of inhalation and exhalation that repeats even during sleep

24
Q

What are the factors that can modify respiratory center activity during breathing?

A

Can be modified by circumstances and demand such as
- exercise metabolic needs
- sensory receptor feedback

or by influences from higher brain areas such as
- voluntary interference
- psychological modulation
- behavioral modulation

25
Q

When does the respiratory centre activate during forced breathing?

A

Kicks in when you need to breathe heavily
- Heavy exercise
- Lung disease (e.g. during asthma)
- Engages accessory muscles

26
Q

What is the automatic reflex for ventilatory response to increased CO2 and reduced O2?

A

increase rate & depth of breathing

27
Q

What is meant by ‘behavioral’ higher center control of respiration?

A

Refers to voluntary, willful control of breathing that competes for control of respiratory muscles.

28
Q

What is the precision of breathing control in behavioral higher center control?

A

Very high, allowing for fine-tuning of breathing patterns. For example, the ability to sing, play musical instruments

29
Q

Can behavioral higher center control of respiration be learned subconsciously?

A

Yes

30
Q

What are the sources of volitional drive?

A
  • motor homunculus
  • voluntary breathing
31
Q

What are the other influences of ‘Behavioral’ higher centre control on breathing?

A
  • Emotional drives: Involuntary psychological influences such as anxiety, sobbing etc.
  • Tonic wakefulness drives: Can be excitatory or inhibitory from various parts of the higher brain.
  • ‘Learned’ responses: Ventilatory response to exercise
32
Q

What type of respiratory control is sleep?

A

Reflex/automatic control

BIOS4001 - Respiratory System (5 decks)

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