Control of body temperature and water balance Flashcards
What are the 4 ways heat is gained or lost?
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
What is conduction?
the transfer of heat by direct contact
What is convection?
the transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface
What is radiation?
the absorption of emmission of electromagnetic waves
What is evaporation?
the loss of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as a gas
What is a kleptotherm?
one animal share the heat of another
What is a Poikilotherm?
organism whose body temp varies as a result of the change in environmental temp without any effort to regulate
What are some examples of metabolic heat production?
vigorous exercise and shivering
What are a few examples of insulation for organisms?
hair, feathers, fat
What are the 3 adaptations that balance heat gain and loss?
- metabolic heat production
- insulation
- circulatory system adaptations
-counter current heat exchange
-changes in blood flow to/from skin
What are the main 3 forms of nitrogenous waste in animals?
- ammonia
- urea
- uric acid
Ammonia
-relatively toxic
-requires a lot of water for excretion
-waste from most fish and aquatic animals
-excreted via gills and skin surafces
Urea
-less toxic than ammonia
-allows for conservation of water but must be excreted with water
-requires drinking of H2O
-occurs in mammals, sharks, adult amphibians
Uric Acid
-non toxic
-allows for maximum water conservation
-excreted as semi-solid paste by birds, reptiles, and insects
How do land animals lose water?
evaporation and waste disposal
How do land animals conserve water?
reproductive and behavioral adaptations, waterproof skin and efficient kidneys
What is the equation of aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —–> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Hypotonic
-water diffuses into the cell
-freshwater fish gain water by osmosis
Hypertonic
-water diffuses out of the cell
-saltwater fish lose water by osmosis
Isotonic
no net gain or loss of water
What does osmoregulation mean?
the homeostatic control and balance of the uptake and loss of water, solutes, and other ions
What is an osmoconformer?
keep their internal fluids isotonic to the environment
What is an osmoregulator?
animals with body fluids having solute concentrations that greatly differ from their environment
What is the function of the kidneys?
produce urine
What is the function of the renal artery and vein?
transport blood to and from the kidneys
What is the function of the ureter?
conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
store urine until voided from the body
What is the function of the urethra?
conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
What are the 2 major functions of the urinary system?
- form and excrete urine
- regulate water and solute content in body fluids
What are the 4 key processes of the urinary system?
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
- excretion
Filtration
-done at bowman”s capsule
-water and small molecules are filtered out
-proteins and cells are retained
Reabsorption
-reclaims valuable solutes and returns them to the bloodstream
Secretion
-includes harmful compounds not filtered into the glomerulus
-creatinine, histamine, penicillin
Excretion
-from kidneys via ureter, bladder, and urethra
What is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
a hormone that regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys
What is aldosterone?
is a steroid hormone released by the adrenal gland
What is atrial natriuretic hormone?
secreted by the atria of the heart when cardiac cells are stretched due to the increased blood volume
