control and punishment

Question 1

example of situational crime prevention

Answer 1

NYC bus terminals - reshaped design to prevent deviant hevaiour such as luggae theft
- smaller sinks to prevent homeless ppl bathing

Question 2

evaluation for situational crime causing displacement

Answer 2

suicide high in 60s from harmful toxic coal gassing
- once it was replaced suicides fell to near zero - there were no displacements

Question 3

who talks about situational crime prevention

brief outline

Answer 3

Clarke

pre-emptive approach to reduce opportunities for crime

Question 4

what does situational crime prevention rley on

Answer 4

the view that criminals behave rationally

Question 5

example of environmental crime prevention strategy

+ 2 sociologists who came up with it

Answer 5

Willson and Kellings broken windows theory - environmental improvement (repair windows etc) and zero tolerance policing
eg, their involvement in NYC clean cars program (subway graffiti)

Question 6

who came up with environmental improvement strategy and brown windows theory

2 names

Answer 6

Wilson and Kelling

Question 7

what did wilson and kelling identify the causes of broken windows theory was

Answer 7

a lack of formal social control (police didnt care about petty crime) and a lack of informal control (reisdents were powerless)

Question 8

evaluation of environmental crime prevention

2 + and 2 -

Answer 8

+ graffiti largely removed from subway after clean car program
+ crime did fall in the city
- crime fell in other cities that didnt implement this
- nypd had more officers

Question 9

example of social and community crime prevention

Answer 9

causes of crime often rooted in unemployment, poverty, poor housing etc
- perry pre school project - one group of disadvantaged black kids who recieved a 2 year intellectual enrichment program (ages 3-4) and the other didnt.
- longitudinal study - at age 40 the group with the program had sig fewer arrests, had graduated highschool and in employment

Question 10

how much did the perry pre school project reportedly save

Answer 10

for every dollar spet on the programme $17 was saved on welfare, prison and other costs

Question 11

diff between surveillanve in 14th century to now

Answer 11

done to detect plague etc or monitor spread

now uses technology, cctv, info on ppl and wherabouts etc

Question 12

what two types of power does focualt talk about

explain them

Answer 12

soveriegn - before 19th century when monarchs had abosolute power - visible punishments on body ususally a spectacle such as public execution

disciplinary - dominant from 19th century, a new system of discipline to govern not just body but also mind (through surveillance)

Question 13

what does focault use as an example of disciplinary power

Answer 13

the panopticon

Question 14

explain the panopticon

Answer 14

each prisoner in his own cell visible to gaurds - had to self surveillance (unsure if guard was looking)
- control takes place inside prisoner now
- - attempting to rehabilitate and correct their behvaiour

Question 15

what other institutions began self surviellance according to focualt

Answer 15

schools, workhouses, factories etc

Question 16

did focualt think surviellanc ewas only in prison

Answer 16

no, there was a series of ‘prison islands’ spreading into other institutions to control population

Question 17

4 criticisms of focualt

Answer 17

• assumes that the emotional aspects of punishments have disappeared
• exaggerates extent of control
• overestimates the ability of surveillanvce to change behavuour, cctv doesnt stop crime
• feminists see it as an extension of the male gaze

Question 18

what is synoptic surveillance

sociologist + example

Answer 18

Mathiesen
switched: media enables the many to see the few, people now watch everybody
example, dash cam on cars or politicians fearing media response

Question 19

problem of surveillance

Answer 19

based upon typifications, eg, young black men surveilled heavier than others so criminalisation of others is lessened

Question 20

Marxist view on punishment

Answer 20

Function is to maintain the existing social order using RSA

to protect ruling class property

reflects economic base of society (under capitalism prison becomes dominant form of punishment)

Question 21

functionalist view on punishment

Answer 21

it is expressive as it heals wounds of the public

Question 22

5 groups of ppl most likley to be victims

why

Answer 22

women - domestic violence - due to patriarchy

men - violent crimes - socialised into bhevaiours that make them more likley to be violent e

lderly - less likely to be known victms - scams etc and in caring homes young - more opportunity

wc - cannot afford surveillance and live in areas with low enforcement of social control (formal and informal)

Question 23

durkheims two types of justice

Answer 23

retributive - it was brutal, simple but effective

restitutive - restore the equilibrium ensuring the community is healed

Question 24

4 justifications of crime and the 2 categories they fit in

Answer 24

reduction : deterrance, rehabilitation, incapacitation

retribution

Question 25

what is mass incarceration

and what has caused it

Answer 25

extreme high rates of imprisonment,

garland argues that it is a result of the growing politicisation of crime control and an ideological function as it sweeps up 30-40% of the unemployed making capitalism look more successful

eg. nixons war on drugs

Question 26

what is transcarceration

Answer 26

individuals become stuck in a cycle of control, shifting between difference carceral agencies
eg, care, young offenders, adult prision

sometimes seen as a blurring of welfare and criminal justice systems

Question 27

what is positivist victimology

name

Answer 27

Miers
- indentifies factors tha produce patterns in victimisation and make certain groups more likely
- also identifies victims who have contributed to their own victimisation

Question 28

example of positivist victimology study

Answer 28

wolfgang - 28% of victims precipiatated their own violence by triggering events, eg, first to use violence

Question 29

eval of positivist victimology

Answer 29

• can tip into victim blaming (rape victims precipitating)
• ignores how some victims are unaware of their victiminsation
• ignores wider structural factors such as poverty

Question 30

what is criticial victimology

2

Answer 30

based on conflict theories such as marxism
- structural factors such as patriarchy or poverty that place groups at greater risk
- states power to apply or deny label of victim - victim is a social construct and police often dont press charges against men asaulting women

Question 31

example of critical victimology (marxists)

Answer 31

safety crimes blame employees for being accident prone rather than unsafe working conditions

Question 32

evaluation of critical victimology

1

Answer 32

• disregards role victims play in bringing victimiation on themselves (not making homes secure)

Question 33

what is secondary victimisation

Answer 33

impact of crime itself but also may suffer further victimisation, such as being a victim of criminal justcie system
eg. rap evictims being mistreated by polcie

Question 34

2 impacts of victimisation

Answer 34

secondary victimisation

fear of victimisation - women too scared to go out