control and punishment Flashcards
example of situational crime prevention
NYC bus terminals - reshaped design to prevent deviant hevaiour such as luggae theft
- smaller sinks to prevent homeless ppl bathing
evaluation for situational crime causing displacement
suicide high in 60s from harmful toxic coal gassing
- once it was replaced suicides fell to near zero - there were no displacements
who talks about situational crime prevention
brief outline
Clarke
pre-emptive approach to reduce opportunities for crime
what does situational crime prevention rley on
the view that criminals behave rationally
example of environmental crime prevention strategy
+ 2 sociologists who came up with it
Willson and Kellings broken windows theory - environmental improvement (repair windows etc) and zero tolerance policing
eg, their involvement in NYC clean cars program (subway graffiti)
who came up with environmental improvement strategy and brown windows theory
2 names
Wilson and Kelling
what did wilson and kelling identify the causes of broken windows theory was
a lack of formal social control (police didnt care about petty crime) and a lack of informal control (reisdents were powerless)
evaluation of environmental crime prevention
2 + and 2 -
+ graffiti largely removed from subway after clean car program
+ crime did fall in the city
- crime fell in other cities that didnt implement this
- nypd had more officers
example of social and community crime prevention
causes of crime often rooted in unemployment, poverty, poor housing etc
- perry pre school project - one group of disadvantaged black kids who recieved a 2 year intellectual enrichment program (ages 3-4) and the other didnt.
- longitudinal study - at age 40 the group with the program had sig fewer arrests, had graduated highschool and in employment
how much did the perry pre school project reportedly save
for every dollar spet on the programme $17 was saved on welfare, prison and other costs
diff between surveillanve in 14th century to now
done to detect plague etc or monitor spread
now uses technology, cctv, info on ppl and wherabouts etc
what two types of power does focualt talk about
explain them
soveriegn - before 19th century when monarchs had abosolute power - visible punishments on body ususally a spectacle such as public execution
disciplinary - dominant from 19th century, a new system of discipline to govern not just body but also mind (through surveillance)
what does focault use as an example of disciplinary power
the panopticon
explain the panopticon
each prisoner in his own cell visible to gaurds - had to self surveillance (unsure if guard was looking)
- control takes place inside prisoner now
- - attempting to rehabilitate and correct their behvaiour
what other institutions began self surviellance according to focualt
schools, workhouses, factories etc
did focualt think surviellanc ewas only in prison
no, there was a series of ‘prison islands’ spreading into other institutions to control population
4 criticisms of focualt
- assumes that the emotional aspects of punishments have disappeared
- exaggerates extent of control
- overestimates the ability of surveillanvce to change behavuour, cctv doesnt stop crime
- feminists see it as an extension of the male gaze
what is synoptic surveillance
sociologist + example
Mathiesen
switched: media enables the many to see the few, people now watch everybody
example, dash cam on cars or politicians fearing media response
problem of surveillance
based upon typifications, eg, young black men surveilled heavier than others so criminalisation of others is lessened
Marxist view on punishment
Function is to maintain the existing social order using RSA
to protect ruling class property
reflects economic base of society (under capitalism prison becomes dominant form of punishment)
functionalist view on punishment
it is expressive as it heals wounds of the public
5 groups of ppl most likley to be victims
why
women - domestic violence - due to patriarchy
men - violent crimes - socialised into bhevaiours that make them more likley to be violent e
lderly - less likely to be known victms - scams etc and in caring homes young - more opportunity
wc - cannot afford surveillance and live in areas with low enforcement of social control (formal and informal)
durkheims two types of justice
retributive - it was brutal, simple but effective
restitutive - restore the equilibrium ensuring the community is healed
4 justifications of crime and the 2 categories they fit in
reduction : deterrance, rehabilitation, incapacitation
retribution
what is mass incarceration
and what has caused it
extreme high rates of imprisonment,
garland argues that it is a result of the growing politicisation of crime control and an ideological function as it sweeps up 30-40% of the unemployed making capitalism look more successful
eg. nixons war on drugs
what is transcarceration
individuals become stuck in a cycle of control, shifting between difference carceral agencies
eg, care, young offenders, adult prision
sometimes seen as a blurring of welfare and criminal justice systems
what is positivist victimology
name
Miers
- indentifies factors tha produce patterns in victimisation and make certain groups more likely
- also identifies victims who have contributed to their own victimisation
example of positivist victimology study
wolfgang - 28% of victims precipiatated their own violence by triggering events, eg, first to use violence
eval of positivist victimology
- can tip into victim blaming (rape victims precipitating)
- ignores how some victims are unaware of their victiminsation
- ignores wider structural factors such as poverty
what is criticial victimology
2
based on conflict theories such as marxism
- structural factors such as patriarchy or poverty that place groups at greater risk
- states power to apply or deny label of victim - victim is a social construct and police often dont press charges against men asaulting women
example of critical victimology (marxists)
safety crimes blame employees for being accident prone rather than unsafe working conditions
evaluation of critical victimology
1
- disregards role victims play in bringing victimiation on themselves (not making homes secure)
what is secondary victimisation
impact of crime itself but also may suffer further victimisation, such as being a victim of criminal justcie system
eg. rap evictims being mistreated by polcie
2 impacts of victimisation
secondary victimisation
fear of victimisation - women too scared to go out
