Control And Communication Flashcards
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What type of communication/control is needed for a multicellular organism
Nervous control
Hormonal control
What is the CNS part of
the CNS is part of the nervous system ( CNS stands for central nervous system )
What makes up the CNS
The brain & spinal cord
What does the brain do
It controls the whole body & coordinates nerve impulses
What does the nerves /neurons do
Carry messages to and from the Brain
What does the spinal cord do
Relays impulses between nerves and the brain ( controls reflex actions )
What part of the brain is the cerebrum
The big mushy pink bit
What part lf the brain is the cerebellum
The smaller area attached to the big pink bit that is still mushy
What part of the Brian is the medulla
The smallest part , doesent look mushy
What does the cerebrum do
Controls mental process
( memory , reasoning , imagination , thoughts & intelligence)
What does the cerebellum do
Controls balance & muscular coordination
What does the medulla do
Controls heart beat , breathing & blood presssure
3 types of neurons / nerves
Inter neuron
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron
What does the inter neuron do
Carries impulse from sensory neuron to the motor neuron. The inter neuron operates in the CNS
What does the sensory neuron do
Carries the impulse from the receptors located in the sense organs to the inter neuron in the CNS
What does the motor neuron do
Carries the impulse from the inter neuron in the CNS to the effectors ( muscles/glands) which brings about a response
What does a receptor do
Detect stimuli ( touch , sound , smell , sight & taste ) then converts it into an electrical impulses
Where is the receptors found
In the sense organs
What are effectors
Muscles / glands that respond to a stimulus
Order of neural pathway
Sensory neuron , inter neuron , motor neuron
What is a synapse
Between two neurons there is a small gap
What passes across a synapses
An electrical impulse is passed across a synapse when chemicals messengers diffuse across the gap
What is a reflex action features
-Reflex actions take place in a fraction of a second
-They don’t involve conscious thought.
-They protect the body from damage.
Where does a reflex action happen and how does a response get delivered
They often take place via the spinal cord, without involving the brain, allowing a fast response
Coughing protective value
Clears the windpipe of harmful particles
Limb withdrawal protective value
Removes the limb from heat or pain
What is a reflex arc
The circuit of neurons that act to produce the reflex
Actions
Reflex arc pathway
Stimulis - sensory neuron - inter neuron ( in spinal cord ) - motor neuron - muscle response
what is homeostasus
the maintance of a constant internal enviroment by the body
what things in the body need to be kept constant
-body temp
- blood glucose level
- body water content
what are regulators
organism that maintain their temp regardless of the external enviroment
what are conformers
organisms whos temp depend on the external enviroment
what are humans and what i their body temp
regulators , 37C
what controls the body temp
the hypothalamus in the brain
how does (said body part )control the body temp
the hypothalamus recieves impulses from receptors in the skin & sends impulses to effectors
how does the body try and cope in cold/low temps
- hair stands on end ( this traps a layer of warmth)
- shivering ( movement of muscle generates heat )
- blood vessels narrow , allowing less blood to the skins surface ( less heat is lost via radiation )
how does the body cope in hot/high temps
- sweating ( when water evaporates body temp decreases)
- blood vessels widen , allowing more blood to the skin surface ( heat is lost via radiation
how does the nervous system carry information
via electrical impulses
what does endocrine system release
hormones , they act slowly but effects last longer
what are hormones
chemical messengers which travel in the bloodstream to target body tissue
what can hormones affect
only cells with particular tissue , if the cells have specific receptors which the hormone can bind to.
state the events in hormone control in order
- stimulis is detectd by the endocrine organ
- hormone is released by endorcrine gland
- hormone travels in bloodstream
- hormone binds to specific receptor on the cells of the target tissue
- target tissue make a response
what is the blood glucose controlling hormones released by
pancreas
what is the pancreas and what hormone’s does it produce
an endocrine gland and it produces the hormoens , insulin & glucagon
what part does the liver play in the hormone journey
the liver is where the target cells for insulin and glucagon are found
what happens when your body is high in blood glucose
- pancreas detects the blood is high in glucose
- releases insulin
- travels in bloodstream to liver
- liver converts glucose to glycogen
what happens when your body is low in blood glucose
- pancreas detetcs low blood glucose
- releases glucagon
- travels in the blood to liver
- liver concerts glycogen to glucose
What does insulin do to glucose
It breaks it down into glycogen to be stored until needed for low blood glucose
What does glucagon do with glycogen
Glycogen is stored until low blood glucose where it is turned back into glucose to raise the levels
How do nerves allow cells to communicate
Electrical impulses
How does the liver help store
The liver stores glycogen that can be converted into glucose whenever needed
The nervous system is made up of
All of the nerves / neurons within the body
Describe how information is passed
between neurons
Electrical impulses towards end of a neuron is diffuses into chemical messengers called neurotransmitters into the start of the next neuron ( called synapse )
What are the chemical messengers that diffuse during passing the synapse called
Neurotransmitters
what are hormones made of
protein
A nerve cell that carries electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands.
motor neuron
Which neuron carries information from receptors in sense organs to the central nervous system?
Sensory neuron
what system in the body produces hormones
th endocrine system
how do hormones travel through the body
in the bloodstream
What tissue do insulin and glucagon target?
liver tissue
why do hormones attach to target tissues
allow cells to communicate
differentiate between the parts of the Nervous System with the Central Nervous System
the nervous system is all of the nerves within the body and the cns is made up of the brain and spinal cord
what is thermoregulation
the ability of the body to maintain a consistant body temp ( body temp is controled by hypothalamos )
what does the sense neuron respond to
Responds to stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals.
