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national 5 biology > Control and communication > Flashcards

Control and communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give examples of stimuli.

A 
Sight
Sound
Smell
Texture
Taste
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2
Q

Where can stimuli be found in a multicellular organism.

A

A multicellular organism is bombarded by stimuli, both internal and external.

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3
Q

What are the types of responses to a stimulus?

A

A response to a stimulus can be a rapid action from a muscle or slower response from a gland.

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4
Q

Why do cells, tissues, organs and systems communicate with each other?

A

Cells, tissues, organs and systems do not work independently- they communicate with each other so that cell functions are coordinated.

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5
Q

What are the two ways communication in cells, tissues, organs and systems usually carried out?

A

Nervous control and Hormonal control

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6
Q

What are the two categories in which the nervous control is made up of?

A

The nervous control is made up of the central nervous system (CNS) and other peripheral neurons.

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7
Q

What forms the central nervous system?

A

The central nervous system is made up of the brain which exerts overall control and the spinal cord.

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8
Q

What are the types of peripheral neurons?

A

Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron

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9
Q

How many main parts of the brain are there?

A

The brain is made up of 3 main parts each with their own specialised functions . The three main parts are the cerebrum, cerebellum and the medulla.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Responsible for conscious thoughts, reasoning, memory and emotions.

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11
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls balance and coordinated movement.

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12
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Control heart rate and breathing rate.

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13
Q

Where does the brain receive information from?

A

The brain receives information from receptors (In sense organs) all over the body.

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14
Q

Where does the brain send signals too?

A

The brain sends signals to the effectors (muscles and glands) in the rest of the body.

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15
Q

How do responses detected by the brain take place?

A

The brain receives information from the receptors (in sense organs) all over the body and sends signals to the effectors (muscles and glands) in the rest of the body for various responses to take place.

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16
Q

Where can receptors be found?

A

In sense organs

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17
Q

What are effectors?

A

muscles and glands

18
Q

What is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system?

A

The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system.

19
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

A

The peripheral system is made up of three different types of neurons. They are the sensory neuron inter neuron, and motor neuron.

20
Q

What is the role of a sensory neuron?

A

A sensory neuron transmits an electrical impulse from receptors in sensory organs to the inter neuron in the CNS.

21
Q

What is the role of Inter neuron cell?

A

An inter neuron cell transmits an electrical impulse through the CNS from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron. It is the CNS that the electrical impulse is processed and made sense of so that a suitable response can take place.

22
Q

What is the role of the motor neuron?

A

A motor neuron transmits an electrical impulse from the CNS to the effectors (muscles or glands).

23
Q

How can we describe a slower response or action from a gland?

A

The action involves conscious thought and is a voluntary response to a stimulus.

24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

There is a gap between the end of one neuron and the start of the next neuron. This gap is called the synapse.

25
Q

What is the function of neuro transmitter chemicals?

A

Neurotransmitter chemicals transfer electrical impulses from one neuron, across the synapse, to the next neuron.

26
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A reflex action is a rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus.

27
Q

What is the function of a reflex action?

A

A reflex action protects the body from harm.

28
Q

Is the brain involved in a reflex action?

A

The brain is not involved in a reflex action but electrical impulses arrive at the brain during/after the action.

29
Q

Give four example of reflex actions that occur in the body.

A

Knee reflex,
Blinking,
Iris reflex,
Response to pain/limb withdrawl

30
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc is a pathway that occurs when a stimulus causes the transmission of impulses through the sensory, inter and motor neuron to an effector to cause a reflex action.

31
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers, secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.

32
Q

What is the functions of hormones?

A

Hormones stimulate target tissues which have specific protein receptors, complementary to specific hormones. The target cells will then respond to the hormone.

33
Q

What are two hormones in the human body which control glucose levels in the body?

A

The human body needs to closely control glucose levels in the body. This is controlled by two hormones known as insulin and glucagon.

34
Q

In what conditions is insulin produced?

A

If blood glucose levels are higher than normal, the pancreas will produce the hormone insulin.

35
Q

How does insulin reduce the level of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin will convert excess glucose into glycogen and store it in the liver. This reduces the level of glucose in the blood.

36
Q

What is the word equation of insulin?

A

glucose->glycogen

37
Q

What detects the level of glucose in the blood?

A

Cells in the pancreas detect the level of glucose in the blood.

38
Q

In what conditions is glucagon produced?

A

If blood glucose levels are lower than normal, the pancreas will produce the hormone glucagon.

39
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon will break down glycogen in the liver into glucose. This then helps raise blood glucose levels.

40
Q

What is the word equation for glucagon?

A

Glycogen->glucose

41
Q

What is meant by homeostasis?

A

This is the optimum condition for the multicellular organism.

national 5 biology (29 decks)

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