Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

national 5 biology > Animal Transport systems > Flashcards

Animal Transport systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What three parts is the mammalian circulatory system composed of?

A

The circulatory system is a transport system which is composed of three main parts:

Blood, the liquid which is transported all around the body.
The heart (the pump)
The blood vessels (tubes which carry fluid around the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the job of the blood?

A

The job of the blood is to transport nutrients (from the digestive system) and oxygen (from the lungs) to respiring cells. In addition, it transports carbon dioxide from respiring cells to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a mammal’s blood contain?

A

A mammals blood contains two types of cells:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
and a watery fluid called plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage does plasma make up of our blood?

A

Plasma makes up about 55% of your blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Its function is to carry dissolved substances around the body. These include:
Chemical messengers or hormones, such as insulin.
Proteins such as antibodies
The soluble end products of digestion, e.g. glucose and amino acids.
Gases such as carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the specialisations in red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells are specialised by:
Being small and flexible
Containing haemoglobin and having no nucleus
Having a biconcave disc (being biconcave in shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many red blood cells are in our blood?

A

Your blood contains a huge number of red blood cells; in fact each ml/cm3 of blood contains 5.5 million cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does red blood cells being small and flexible aid oxygen transport to cells?

A

Red blood cells are very small and flexible so that they can squeeze through even the narrowest blood vessels called capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Their function is to transport and release oxygen to respiring cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does red blood cells containing haemoglobin and no nucleus aid oxygen transport to cells?

A

For red blood cells to carry out their job, they contain a protein substance called haemoglobin. The fact that red blood cells do not have a nucleus means they can contain lots of haemoglobin to transport oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does red blood cells having a biconcave shape aid oxygen transport to cells?

A

Red blood cells have a biconcave shape which provides a large surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen (by diffusion) and, therefore, transport more oxygen to respiring cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin is a protein molecule found in red blood cells in blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does haemoglobin form oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin can easily join with oxygen in areas of the body where there is a high oxygen concentration, for example in the lung capillaries. When haemoglobin chemically combines with oxygen oxyhaemoglobin is produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When and how does oxyhaemoglobin release oxygen to cells?

A

When oxyhaemoglobin reaches areas of the body where oxygen concentration is low, e.g. respiring cells, oxyhaemoglobin will quickly release the oxygen, which then diffuses into the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Write the word equation for oxygen combining with haemoglobin?

A

haemoglobin + oxygen ⇌ oxyhaemoglobin.

the reaction is reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What systems are white blood cells a part of?

A

White blood cells are part of our immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of white blood cells in our body?

A

White blood cells are in our bodies in order to destroy pathogens entering the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a disease-causing micro-organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name three different pathogens.

A

Three types of pathogens are: bacteria, viruses and fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are two types of white blood cells that destroy pathogens?

A

Two types of white blood cells that destroy pathogens are known as phagocytes and lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe a phagocyte and its function.

A

A phagocyte is a type of white blood cell that kills microorganisms by engulfing and digesting them during a process called phagocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the shapes on pathogen surfaces recognized by?

A

Every pathogen has unique shapes (antigens) on its surface. These shapes are recognised by lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe lymphocytes and their function.

A

The lymphocyte cells produce antibody chemicals which match the shape on the pathogen microorganism surface. The antibody destroys the pathogen. An antibody is specific to a particular pathogen.

24
Q

Describe the three steps in which a lymphocyte destroys a pathogen.

A
  1. Lymphocytes make antibodies
  2. Antibodies bind to shapes on the surface of the pathogen.
  3. Antibodies destroy the pathogen.
25
Q

Why do white blood cells make memory cells?

A

The white blood cells also make memory cells so that, if the pathogen microorganism enters the body again, it will instantly be recognised and destroyed quickly.

26
Q

What is the heart’s functions?

A

The heart is a large muscle which pumps blood around the body.

27
Q

What are the four chambers the heart is divided into called?

A

It is divided into four chambers. The top chambers are known as the right atrium and the left atrium, and the bottom chambers are the right and left ventricles.

28
Q

Which ventricle has a thick muscular wall and why?

A

The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall. This is because the left side of the heart has to pump blood around the body whereas the right side only has to pump blood to the lungs.

29
Q

How many valves are located in the heart?

A

There are four valves located in the heart.

30
Q

What is the function of the valves located in the heart?

A

Their function is to ensure that blood only flows in one direction through the heart (valves prevent the backflow of blood). If the blood starts to flow backwards then the valve will close and prevent it to do so.

31
Q

Where are valves located in the heart?

A

The valves are located between the atria and the ventricles as well as between the ventricles and the arteries leaving the heart.

32
Q

Describe the blood that enters the heart from all over the body and where it enters from.

A

Blood from all over the body enters the right atrium of the heart in a vein known as the vena cava. This blood is deoxygenated, which means it is carrying very little oxygen

33
Q

Describe what happens to the blood when it has entered the heart through the vena cava vein.

A

From here (blood in right atrium of heart) the blood is then pumped into the right ventricle, through a valve, and then away from the heart in a pulmonary artery. This blood vessel carries the deoxygenated blood to the right and left lung so that it can pick up oxygen.

34
Q

Describe what happens to the deoxygenated blood in the right and left lungs.

A

The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium of the heart in the pulmonary vein. Blood flows from the left atrium, through a valve to the left ventricle and then leaves the heart in the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The artery will carry oxygen to cells in the body for aerobic respiration.

35
Q

What is the largest artery in the body called?

A

The aorta is the largest artery in the body.

36
Q

Where does the heart get its blood supply from?

A

The heart, like any other muscle, requires its own blood supply which is provided by the coronary arteries.

37
Q

How do coronary arteries provide heart/cardiac muscle cells with the products required for aerobic respiration?

A

These blood vessels branch off from the aorta and spread out over the surface of the heart, providing the heart/cardiac muscle cells with the oxygen and glucose they require for aerobic respiration. Deoxygenated blood will then be returned to the vena cava by the coronary vein.

38
Q

Under what circumstances may a heart attack occur?

A

If the coronary arteries become blocked or narrowed in anyway then a heart attack can occur.

39
Q

What is the effect of narrowing blood vessels on heart muscle tissue?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels supplying the heart muscle restricts the amount of oxygen which can reach the muscle tissue and can result in death of the tissue. Death of tissue can result in the heart failing to beat properly. If the area of tissue affected is small then the person can make a satisfactory recovery, however, if a large area of muscle tissue is affected then premature death may occur.

40
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, which carry blood away from the heart.
Capillaries which are involved in exchange of materials.
Veins which carry blood to the heart.

41
Q

What is the function of blood vessels?

A

Blood vessels carry pumped blood (from the circulatory system) around the body.

42
Q

Describe three characteristics of arteries.

A

Arteries have thick, muscular walls, a narrow central channel and carry blood under high pressure away from the heart.

43
Q

Why do arteries have thick muscular walls and narrow central channels?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Blood which is leaving the heart is pumped out at very high pressure. This means that arteries have to be able to transport this high pressure blood without being damaged. To do this they have to have very thick muscular walls, and narrow central channels.

44
Q

Describe what is happening in the body when we feel a pulse.

A

Each time the heart beats, blood is forced out through the artery at high pressure. This can be felt as a pulse e.g. at your wrist or neck.

45
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood around the body (with the exception of the pulmonary artery)

46
Q

Why do arteries need to subdivide?

A

The walls of arteries are too thick to allow diffusion of substances with cells therefore each artery subdivides into a network of thin-walled blood vessels to allow this to happen.

47
Q

What do arteries divide into?

A

Each artery divides into smaller vessels and then eventually into the smallest of all blood vessels, capillaries, in close contact with the living cells in tissues and organs.

48
Q

Describe three characteristics of capillaries.

A

Capillaries are thin walled and have a large surface area, forming networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of materials.

49
Q

Why are capillaries referred to as exchange blood vessels?

A

The capillaries are referred to as exchange blood vessels, as all exchange of materials between living cells and the blood supply occur here. For example, the diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the respiring cells, and carbon dioxide from respiring cells to the blood.

50
Q

Why are capillaries suited to being exchange blood vessels?

A

Capillaries are ideally suited to this job:
Their walls are only one cell thick (thin walls so their is a short distance for faster diffusion)
They cover a large surface area, forming networks at tissues and organs to allow efficient exchange of materials.

51
Q

What do capillaries leaving tissues and organs join up with?

A

Capillaries leaving tissues and organs eventually join up to form larger blood vessels called veins.

52
Q

Describe three characteristics of veins.

A

Veins have thinner muscular walls, a wider central channel and carry blood under low pressure back towards the heart.

53
Q

Why do veins have thin muscular walls?

A

Veins carry blood to the heart. Blood returning to the heart has significantly less pressure than blood leaving the heart, so veins have thinner muscular walls.

54
Q

Why do veins have a wide central channel?

A

The central channel of the vein is wide which reduces resistance to blood flow. Veins also contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

55
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood, with the exception of the pulmonary vein.

national 5 biology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions