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1
Q

Article 2

A

Applies to the sale of goods (Moveable, personal property)

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2
Q

Common Law

A

Applies to any other Contract

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3
Q

Do the parties have to be merchants for Article 2 to apply?

A

No, just has to be a contract for a sale of goods

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4
Q

Mixed Contract (Goods and Services)

A

Which is more important? What item does she want and what’s being thrown in?
Whatever is more important apply law (good= article 2, class= common law)

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5
Q

Texas Essays on Contracts

A

No Common Law, UCC only

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6
Q

Texas Essays on Contracts Article 2A

A

Lease of goods

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7
Q

Express Contract

A

Created by the parties words (oral or written)

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8
Q

Implied Contract

A

Created by parties conduct

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9
Q

Contract

A

Legally enforceable agreement

- Not every agreement is enforceable

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10
Q

Restitution (Quasi- Contract)

A

Protects against unjust enrichment whenever contract law yields an unfair result.

  • Restitution is remedy of last resort
  • Recovery in restitution is reasonable value of benefit conferred, not contract price
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11
Q

Recovery in Restitution

A

Value of benefit conferred, not contract price

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12
Q

Bilateral Contract

A

Where an offer can be accepted I any reasonable way (flexible)

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13
Q

Unilateral Contract

A

Where an offer can be accepted only by performing (inflexible)

  • Where offer says accepted only by performing
  • Reward, Contest, Prize
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14
Q

Was there an offer?

A

A manifestation of an intention to be bound

- A possibility of contract formation

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15
Q

Advertisements in Contracts

A

Generally not an offer (no quantity term)

  • Trade Journal is not an advertisement (broader communicating media)
  • Exception: Where the advertisement specifics quantity, then ad is an offer
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16
Q

Open Price Term

A

Court will read in a reasonable price except for a contract involving sale of real property - - No price, read in
- Usually fair market value at time of contract

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17
Q

Quantity and Requirement Contracts, Article 2

A
  • Quantity can be measure by buyers needs or requirements, don’t have to be a specific number
  • Even if ordering in good faith buyer cannot take seller by surprise. Buyer won’t be able to make seller give. Any increase cannot be out of line with buyers prior requirements
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18
Q

When does an offer lapse?

A

an offer lapses after a stated term or after a reasonable time has passed
- Offer doesn’t last forever, lapses after reasonable time

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19
Q

What effect does revocation have on the offer?

A

An offer terminates when the offeror revokes the offer

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20
Q

When can an offer be revoked?

A

An offer can be revoked any time before acceptance

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21
Q

What are the two types of revocation

A

Direct Revocation, Implied Revocation

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22
Q

Direct Revocation

A

The offeror indicates directly to the offeree that he has changed his mind about the deal
- Doesn’t have to say “revoke offer” just something ot let offeree know that he has changed his mind

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23
Q

Indirect Revocation

A

The offerror engages in conduct that indicates he’s change his mind and the offeree is aware of the conduct
- Look Out: where offeror has made offer, sold to someone else, and then original oferee comes to accept offer. If offeree did not know about transaction the offer was not revoked. Need evidence that oferee knew about transaction, then offer will be revoked and won’t be able to accept

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24
Q

Option

A

An option is a promise to keep the offer open that is paid for. Promise + $
- Offer cannot be revoked

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25
Q

Firm Offer

A
  • Offer cannot be revoked
    In a sale of goods (article 2), if a merchant promises in a signed writing to keep an offer open the offer is irrevocable
  • Held open for 3 months, can’t contract for anymore time
  • If time period not stated it will be for reasonable time not to exceed 3 months
  • Look Out: where it’s just a writing to agree to sell something for certain price, won’t be a firm offer. Has to have a promise to keep offer open
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26
Q

Foreseeable reliance before acceptance

A
  • Offer cannot be revoked
    Offeror expects offeree to accept first and then rely
  • Usually not foreseeable that this would be other way around
  • Subcontractors know that contractors rely on their bids. Won’t need acceptance first
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27
Q

Starting to perform on a unilateral contract

A
  • Offer cannot be revoked
  • What if you did things in order to prepare but did not start? Mere Preparation does not make offer irrevocable under this exception. Have to actually started the contract job. (Could be foreseeable reliance though)
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28
Q

When is revocation effective?

A

When it’s received (no mailbox rule)
- If person accepted before they received your revocation in the mail, have to accept because revocation only effective when received not sent

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29
Q

A revocation _______s an offer

A

Terminates

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30
Q

What effect does a rejection have on an offer?

A

An offer terminates when the offeree rejects it

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31
Q

What effect does a counter offer have on an offer?

A

Counteroffer is treated as a rejection and terminates the offer

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32
Q

Counteroffer vs. Mere Bargaining

A

Mere bargaining is not a counteroffer/rejection. If just mere bargaining could always accept original offer
- How about $50 vs. I will only pay $50

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33
Q

Conditional Acceptance

A

Operates as a rejection and a counter offer under common law and article 2

  • Remember an offerror could always agree to this and accept counter offer
  • I will only accept if I get 10% off full cash payments
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34
Q

Acceptance Varying Offer / Common Law

A

Acceptance must mirror offer

- Adding of changing any terms operates as rejection (even minor change)

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35
Q

Acceptance Varying Offer / Article 2

A

No mirror image, adding and changing term does not prevent acceptance BUT term only included if:
A. Both parties are merchants
B. No material change and
C. No objection within a reasonable time
- If term customary it’s not a material change, disclaiming warranties material change
- Any response will reject term even if it’s minor
- Can form a contract and leave that term out

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36
Q

Death of either party before acceptance

A

Terminates a revocable offer but not an irrevocable offer (option or firm offer)

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37
Q

Has offer been accepted/ Contract Language

A

If it says you can only accept one way, telling the person “I accept” will not be acceptance, have to accept how the contract says

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38
Q

Has offer been accepted / Bilateral Contract

A

Starting performance is acceptance and carries with it an implied promise to finish the job
- Bilateral, doesn’t say how you can accept so can accept in any reasonable way

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39
Q

Has offer been accepted/ Unilateral contract

A

Completing performance is acceptance merely starting performance is not
- Don’t have to finish job, but once you start performance offeror cannot revoke offer.

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40
Q

Improper Performance

A

Simultaneous acceptance with breach

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41
Q

Improper Performance / Sale of Goods Accommodation

A

If seller tells buyer its sending nonconforming goods as an accommodation there is no acceptance and no breach

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42
Q

Oferees Silence as Acceptance

A

Generally not an acceptance

- If you don’t respond to this by 10 you have accepted

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43
Q

When is acceptance effective?

A

Acceptance is effective when mailed (mailbox rule)

- Can’t revoke offer once it’s mailed (accepted)

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44
Q

What if acceptance is lost in the mail?

A

burden of loss is on offeror, all that matter is letter was mailed, once mailed its effective

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45
Q

If buyer mails acceptance then calls to reject

A

mailbox rule applies and buyer accepted first

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46
Q

Exceptions to the Mailbox rule

A
  • If offer says that acceptance must be received by certain date then mailing won’t be effective, letter must be received by that date
  • Irrevocable offer: Have to accept before offer expires, mailing won’t be acceptance but receipt will
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47
Q

If buyer sends rejection letter and then acceptance letter

A

No mailbox rule, it will be a race and whichever one gets there first is effective

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48
Q

Lack of Capacity

A

Minors, Intoxicated, Mentally incompetant

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49
Q

Incapacitated Defendants rights to contract

A

Right to disaffirm contract

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50
Q

Minors Age

A

Minors actual age at time of contract matters, doesn’t matter if they said they were older

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51
Q

Implied Affirmation

A

Retaining the benefit after gaining capacity
- If you don’t disaffirm contract and continue to use it after gaining capacity contract can now be enforced against you (implied in conduct)

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52
Q

Incapacitated parties and Necessaries

A
  • food, shelter, clothing, medical care

- But only for the reasonable value, not contract price

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53
Q

If incapacitated person is trying to enforce contract

A

they will be able to enforce it, we care about the capacity of the defendant. The incapacitated person has a right to void but the other party does not

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54
Q

Ambiguity/Misunderstanding

A

Parties each mean separate thing (different ships): There will be no contract because of ambiguity unless one party knows or had reason to know of the parties meaning. Then there would be a contract and innocent parties meaning would prevail

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55
Q

Mutual Mistake

A

No Contract if it is to a material fact

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56
Q

Mutual Mistake about value

A

not generally considered material. Contract will be enforceable as to either party
- If seller didn’t realize it was worth more or buyer thought it was worth more

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57
Q

Unilateral Mistake

A

One parties mistake is not a fatal flaw unless other party know or had reason to know about it
- Almost never a defense

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58
Q

Consideration

A

Bargained for legal detriment/benefit

- Can bargain for a promise, performance, or even forbearance

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59
Q

Past Consideration

A

Can’t use act that was already done for consideration

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60
Q

Adequacy of Consideration

A

irrelevant, just need a bargain

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61
Q

Contract Modification / Common Law

A

New Consideration is required to modify contract
- Preexisting duty rule: Performing a preexisting duty is not enough
Need something extra to get more money.
- Only person who can use this is parties to original contract

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62
Q

Preexisting Duty Rule

A

Contract modification under common law, need new consideration to modify contract cannot by existing duty

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63
Q

Contract Modification / Article 2

A

Consideration is not required to modify a contract for sale of goods, but you must have good faith to modify

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64
Q

Contract Modification/ Partial Payment of Debt

A
  • If debt is due and undisputed, no consideration to pay part of the debt and forgive the rest. Won’t be valid. You’re not giving them anything the shouldn’t already get
  • If you agree to pay portion early or there is a dispute over the actual amount owed then there is consideration to pay some of debt
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65
Q

Time-Barred Debt

A

a written promise to pay a debt, collection of which is barred by statute of limitations is enforceable even without consideration

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66
Q

Promissory Estoppel

A

Substitute for consideration
- Forseaable reliance may make a promise enforceable even without consideration
(Right answer only if there is no consideration)

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67
Q

What Contracts need to be in writing (statute of frauds)

A

MY LEGS

Marriage, Term of Years, Land Sale contracts, Executory Contracts, Goods for $500 or more, Surety Agreements

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68
Q

Statute of Frauds/ Interest in Real Property

A
  • Sale of property needs to be in writing

- Any interest of property needs to be in writing including lease and easements

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69
Q

Statute of Frauds/ Performance cannot be completed within a year

A
  • It does not matter if performance actually takes more then a year. As long as full performance within a year was theoretically possible no writing is required
  • Contracts for “rest of life” do not fall under Statute of Fraud (could do in 1 year)
  • If you contract with someone for something that’s to take place for more then a year in future needs to be in writing. Duration of that performance is irrelevant, it’s when you contracted for it to happen
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70
Q

Does a contract for the “rest of your life” need to be in writing?

A

No, possible to do within 1 year

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71
Q

Statute of Frauds / Sale for Goods $500 or more

A

Needs to be in writing

- If modification to contract is going to take price above $500 needs to be in writing

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72
Q

Statute of Frauds/ Suretyship

A

A promise to answer for the debt of another

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73
Q

Statute of Frauds/ Contract Modification Clauses Article 2

A

If sale of goods with modification goes over $500, needs to be in writing now
- If language of contract prohibit oral modification it needs to be in writing: Article 2 lets parties create their own statute of frauds

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74
Q

Statute of Frauds/ Contract Modification Clauses Common Law

A

clauses prohibiting oral modification are not enforceable so you can always modify a contract orally under common law, even if you have agreed not to

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75
Q

What must writing contain to satisfy statue of frauds under Article 2?

A

Must contain a quantity and be signed by party to be charged with breach (the defendant)
- If plaintiff is the only one who signed it’s not enforceable

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76
Q

What must writing contain to satisfy statute of frauds for any other contract besides article 2?

A

material terms and be signed by the defendant
- “I accept your offer” Not good enough, no material terms
Statute of Frauds can be a one way street if both parties didn’t sign. If it has defendant signature it’s enforceable

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77
Q

Exceptions to Statute of Frauds/ Real Property

A
  • Leases of one year or less

- Part Performance: must have 2 out of 3: some payment, possession, improvements

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78
Q

Exceptions to Statute of Frauds/ Performance within 1 year

A

If person already preformed (ex: 2 years of work) and now refusing to pay, because person already performed they can enforce without writing

  • Would still have to prove contract existed (formation issue)
  • What if person couldn’t complete full performance (ex: fired 3 months into 2 year contract): Part Performance is not enough to satisfy full performance exception. Wouldn’t be able to recover because of statute of frauds. Could still recover restitution (reasonable value of work done)
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79
Q

Exception to Statue of Frauds/ Sale of Goods for $500 or more

A
  • Where goods are accepted by buyer or goods are paid for by buyer
    Exception: applies only to goods accepted/paid for NOT whole contract
    -Exception: where buyer gives seller deposit and you can’t apportion goods, seller loses out on Statute of Frauds defense (ex: money given for boat, can’t use Statue of fraud to say contract doesn’t exist and can’t apportion boat, buyer gets boat)
80
Q

Exception to Statute of Frauds/ Custom made goods

A

Not suitable for resell, made to buyers specifics

81
Q

Exception to Statute of Frauds/ Judicial Admission

A

If you admitted it under oath

82
Q

Exception to Statute of Frauds/ Merchants Confirmatory Memo

A

One party can use its own signed writing to satisfy statute of frauds against the other party if:
A. Both parties are merchants
B. Writing claims agreement/has Quantity
C. There’s no written objection within 10 days
Ex: agree to sale over phone and merchant sends follow up of it in writing
- Signed by person trying to enforce, that’s ok don’t need other persons if they didn’t reject it within 10 days

83
Q

Statute of Frauds/ Suretyship

A

Main Purpose Exception
If main purpose of promise is to benefit yourself then no writing required
Ex: person is buying paint to paint your house and you orally say if person doesn’t pay for paint I will pay.

84
Q

Parol Evidence Rule

A

Keeps out evidence of a prior or contemporaneous agreement (either oral or written) that contradicts a later writing

85
Q

Look out for Parol Evidence vs. Statute of Frauds

A

Parol Evidence has to involve a writing, if no writing it’s a statute of frauds question

86
Q

Exceptions to Parol Evidence

A

Correct clerical error, establish a defense against formation, interpret vague or ambiguous term, add to a partially integrated writing, later events

87
Q

Parol Evidence / Plain Meaning Rule

A

If term not vague or ambiguous court will give term plain or obvious meaning, you won’t be able to show what term meant

88
Q

Parol Evidence/ Partially Integrated Writing

A

If agreement doesn’t seem to be clear on it’s face, supplement it just not contradict it

89
Q

Parol Evidence / Merger Clause

A

If contract says that “contract is limited to the terms herein” Writing is complete and can’t be supplemented, everything that came before is merged into later writing

90
Q

Parol Evidence / Later Events

A

Parol Evidence Rule does not apply to events after terms are reduced to writing, looks backwards, nothing to do with what happens after writing
- May have a statue of frauds problem or consideration

91
Q

Parol Evidence / Conduct of Parties

A

Can be used to explain terms/fill gaps
- Most important to Least important
Course of performance: How parties performed under this contract. Best evidence of what parties intended
Course of dealing: What parties did under prior contracts with each other
Usage of Trade: What others in the trade do in similar contracts

92
Q

Sellers Warranties of Quality in Article 2

A

Express warranties, implied warranties (implied warranty of merchantability, implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose)

93
Q

Sellers Warranties of Quality in Article 2 / Express Warranties

A

Any statement of fact or description of goods, promise about goods, seller using sample or model
- Sellers expression of opinion is not express warranty (looks for vague or objective or general statement)

94
Q

Sellers Warranties of Quality in Article 2/ Implied Warranty of Merchantability

A

Goods are fit for ordinary purpose

  • Seller is a merchant who deals in goods of the kind (has special knowledge about the particular goods being sold)
  • To Disclaim: must be part of offer and acceptance processes or must be agreed to by the buyer as a modification (not on a box)
95
Q

Sellers Warranties of Quality in Article 2/ Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose

A

goods are fit for buyers particular purpose
- Seller knows buyer has special purpose and is relying on seller to select suitable goods. Seller does not have to be any kind of merchant

96
Q

Disclaimers in Contracts

A

A seller can disclaim implied but not express warranties

- Even if contract says all warranties are disclaimed, express warranties will not be disclaimed

97
Q

Disclaiming Language

A
  • The phrase “as is” or “with all faults” in a contract will disclaim implied warranties
  • In the absence of a magic phrase the writing must be conspicuous (bigger font, bold print, all caps), has to draw attention of reasonable buyer. If a seller wants to disclaim merchantability have to actually say those words
98
Q

Limitations of Buyers Remedies

A

Seller can limit buyers remedies for breach of warranty (express or implied) if the limitation is not unconscionable (shock conscious)
- Limit is if it was unconscionable at the time of the contract
Exception: Limiting buyers remedies for personal injury in the case of consumer goods is presumed unconscionable (Consumer protection clause)
- Seller can rebut this but its difficult

99
Q

Risk of Loss in Article 2

A

When goods are damaged before buyer gets them and neither buyer nor seller is to blame, who bears the risk of loss
If Seller bears Risk of Loss: Seller must provide new goods to buyer for no additional cost or be liable for breach of contract
If Buyer bears Risk of Loss: Buyer must still pay the contract price

100
Q

Risk of Loss Hierarchy

A
  • The agreement between the parties controls
  • Breach: Breaching party bears risk of loss even if loss is unrelated to breach
    Ex: Because you had a problem you shipped late and now you have risk of loss
101
Q

Non-carrier case: buyer picking up or seller delivering

A
  • When Risk of Loss passes depends on if seller is a merchant or not

Merchant Seller: Seller bears Risk of Loss until buyer takes physical possession of goods
Non-Merchant Seller: Buyer bears Risk of Loss once seller tenders the goods (makes the goods available to buyer)
- Risk of Loss passes sooner. When you tell buyer where goods are and hot to pick it up

102
Q

Shipment Contract / Delivery by Common Carrier (UPS, Central Freight)

A

Seller must get the goods to a common carrier, make delivery and notify buyer

  • Shipment contract is presumed unless contract clearly states otherwise
  • Look Out: shipment contract where buyer bears risk of loss before it actually gets the goods (its counterintuitive so tested often)
103
Q

Destination Contract / Delivery by Common Carrier (UPS, Central Freight)

A

Seller must get the goods all the way to a specific destination (usually where buyer is located)

104
Q

FOB: Free on Board, followed by place or city / Delivery by Common Carrier (UPS, Central Freight)

A

Risk of loss passes to buyer at the named location

  • If it’s where seller is located it’s a shipment contract
  • If it’s other city the contract is destination contract
105
Q

Non-carrier case: buyer picking up or seller delivering / Merchant Seller

A

Seller bears Risk of Loss until buyer takes physical possession of goods

106
Q

Seller bears Risk of Loss until buyer takes physical possession of goods / Non-Merchant Seller

A

Buyer bears Risk of Loss once seller tenders the goods (makes the goods available to buyer)
- Risk of Loss passes sooner. When you tell buyer where goods are and hot to pick it up

107
Q

Performance of Contract Article 2 / Perfect Tender Rule

A

Perfect Tender Rule: Seller must deliver perfect goods in the right place at the right time. If tender is not perfect buyer has the right to reject the goods
- Buyer doesn’t have to reject nonconforming goods but it has the option to if it wants

108
Q

Performance of Contract Article 2 / Option to Cure

A

A seller who fails to make perfect tender may have an option to cure. Whether Seller has option to cure usually depends on whether the time for performance has expired
If time has not expired, seller has an option cure (still time to perform correctly)
Time has expired: No option to cure
Exception: seller has reason to believe that buyer would take nonconforming goods based on their prior dealings

109
Q

Installment Contracts Article 2

A

Requires or authorizes delivery in separate installments (otherwise the goods have to be delivered in a single delivery)

  • Doesn’t matter about what seller actually did, it’s did the contract require or authorize installments?
  • Does contract say deliver in separate installments
110
Q

Installment Contract and Perfect Tender

A

does not apply to installment contracts

  • Harder to reject, Buyer may reject only for substantial impairment
  • If not substantial impairment cannot reject the installment or the entire contract
  • If installment is substantially impaired you can reject that installment but not whole contract
  • If whole contract is substantially impaired you can reject whole contract
111
Q

Buyers Acceptance of Goods/ Implied Acceptance

A

Buyer keeps goods after having an opportunity to inspect them
- Not actual inspection, just time to inspect
- If there is a long delay between receipt/complaint look for implied acceptance
Consequences: Once buyer accepts goods it is to late for buyer to reject them, but buyer can still get damages for sellers breach

112
Q

Buyers Revocation of Acceptance of Goods

A
  • Buyer cannot revoke acceptance of goods
    Exception: If the non-conformity substantially impairs the value of the goods and was difficult to discover (latent defect)
    Ex: mobile home and rain
  • Revocation must be in reasonable time after discovering defect
113
Q

Consequences of rejection/revocation of acceptance

A

Return: Buyer can return the goods to seller at sellers expense
Refund: Buyer can get back any money buyer has paid for the goods
Damages: Buyer can get damages from seller for breach of contract

114
Q

Buyers Obligation to Pay

A

A check is ok, but seller can refuse it
- Look for scenarios where buyer brings check at deadline, Buyer not in breach because buyer has reasonable time to get cash even though deadline has passed

115
Q

Acceptance of Contracts at Common Law

A

Performance does not have to be perfect . Substantial performance is all that’s required. A party cannot commit a material brief

  • Almost is good enough
  • If hardly did anything under contract then most likely material breach
116
Q

Buyers options if sellers performance is not perfect

A
  1. Reject the whole shipment (conforming and nonconforming)
  2. Accept the whole shipment (conforming and nonconforming)
  3. Accept some of the shipment and reject the rest of the shipment (conforming and nonconforming)
    - Whatever option buyer chooses, buyer can still get damages from seller (seller breached contract)
117
Q

Injured parties options if contract breached at common law

A

The injured party can recover damages for any breach of contract, whether breach is material or not

  • Breach: when contract is due
  • But only a material breach provides an excuse
  • So buyer will get damages for breach but will still pay the contract price because seller has substantially performed
  • If material breach committed then buyer gets damages and is excused from paying contract (keep in mind that seller can have restitution for reasonable value of work done)
  • Finishing a job late is not a material breach unless time is of the essence
118
Q

Divisible Contract Breach at Common Law

A

Where payment is on a per unit basis the breaching party can recover the contract price for any unit on which he has substantially performed

  • Watch for situations where you could easily divide up what each piece is worth, contract will say if its for a per unit basis
  • Substantial performance will be on a per unit basis and seller will get money for completed units
119
Q

Anticipatory Repudiation

A

Provides an excuse unless retracted (treated like material breach)
- Person can stop and sue for damages as soon as you tell them that you are going to breach contract
- Breach before contract is due
Law allows for retraction or take back of repudiation unless party has relied on repudiation (Ex: took another job)
- Situations that say “Might” are NOT anticipatory repudiation has to be unequivocal

120
Q

Article 2 Failure to Give Adequate Assurance

A

Buyer can in writing, ask seller for adequate assurance about quality of goods.
- If seller does not provide adequate assurance, buyer can treat it as anticipatory repudiation
- Cannot use this provision to rewrite the contract. You are only entitled to adequate assurance
Ex: if you hear buyer isn’t paying people and you’ve already agreed to give goods on credit, cannot now demand cash assurance

121
Q

Recession

A

an agreement to cancel the contract
- Each party must have some performance remaining. If one party has already performed there would be no consideration for recession, and need consideration to make recession agreement

122
Q

Modification

A

An agreement to replace an existing contract with a new one (now)
- Agreement takes place immediately

123
Q

Accord & Satisfaction

A

An accord is an agreement to accept performance in future satisfaction of an existing duty. Satisfaction is performance of the accord
- Do something and THEN I’ll do something

124
Q

Novation

A
  • If original party agrees to substitute new party, original party has given up rights to go after the other original party. Can only go after the substituted new party for breach
  • If original party agrees with new party without consulting the other original party, that original party could sue the original party, never agreed to new party so never gave up rights
125
Q

Impossibility (Article 2= Impracticability)

A

Excuse of Contract

A later unforeseen event that makes performance impossible may provide seller with an excuse.

126
Q

Common Law Destruction

A

Excuse of Contract

Destruction provides an excuse for non-performance

127
Q

Sale of Goods Destruction

A

Excuse of Contract
Destruction provides an excuse for non-performance
Risk of Loss: A seller who bore risk of loss when goods were damages or destroyed is excused by impracticability
- Look Out: Risk of Loss, If risk of loss has passed to buyer then seller doesn’t need impracticability
- Unidentified Goods: Seller is excused only if the damaged/ destroyed goods had been identified to the contract
Ex: warehouse burns, seller only excused if specific goods had already been marked for buyer (can’t just be general)

128
Q

Death/Incapacity of Essential Person

A

Excuse of Contract
Can’t just be any person, has to be essential
- If no unique skills are involved then anyone could do it and that person dying won’t excuse because he wasn’t an essential person (could delegate duty)
- Where unique skills are involved then impossibility has happened
- Paying for things: anyone can pay, won’t be excused, estate will pay

129
Q

Increase in Cost of Sellers Performance MBE

A

Excuse of Contract
- You’ve agreed to sell me something at a certain price and all the sudden the market doubles the price of that item
MBE- Increase in cost never excuse

130
Q

Frustration of buyers primary purpose

A

No point in buyer going through with contract

  • Buyer will only be excused if seller knew what purpose of contract was when they entered into contract
  • Excuse of Contract
131
Q

Buyers options if sellers performance is not perfect

A
  1. Reject the whole shipment (conforming and nonconforming)
  2. Accept the whole shipment (conforming and nonconforming)
  3. Accept some of the shipment and reject the rest of the shipment (conforming and nonconforming)
    - Whatever option buyer chooses, buyer can still get damages from seller (seller breached contract)
132
Q

Injured parties options if contract breached at common law

A

The injured party can recover damages for any breach of contract, whether breach is material or not

  • Breach: when contract is due
  • But only a material breach provides an excuse
  • So buyer will get damages for breach but will still pay the contract price because seller has substantially performed
  • If material breach committed then buyer gets damages and is excused from paying contract (keep in mind that seller can have restitution for reasonable value of work done)
  • Finishing a job late is not a material breach unless time is of the essence
133
Q

Divisible Contract Breach at Common Law

A

Where payment is on a per unit basis the breaching party can recover the contract price for any unit on which he has substantially performed

  • Watch for situations where you could easily divide up what each piece is worth, contract will say if its for a per unit basis
  • Substantial performance will be on a per unit basis and seller will get money for completed units
134
Q

Anticipatory Repudiation

A

Provides an excuse unless retracted (treated like material breach)
- Person can stop and sue for damages as soon as you tell them that you are going to breach contract
- Breach before contract is due
Law allows for retraction or take back of repudiation unless party has relied on repudiation (Ex: took another job)
- Situations that say “Might” are NOT anticipatory repudiation has to be unequivocal

135
Q

Article 2 Failure to Give Adequate Assurance

A

Buyer can in writing, ask seller for adequate assurance about quality of goods.
- If seller does not provide adequate assurance, buyer can treat it as anticipatory repudiation
- Cannot use this provision to rewrite the contract. You are only entitled to adequate assurance
Ex: if you hear buyer isn’t paying people and you’ve already agreed to give goods on credit, cannot now demand cash assurance

136
Q

Recession

A

an agreement to cancel the contract
- Each party must have some performance remaining. If one party has already performed there would be no consideration for recession, and need consideration to make recession agreement

137
Q

Modification

A

An agreement to replace an existing contract with a new one (now)
- Agreement takes place immediately

138
Q

Accord & Satisfaction

A

An accord is an agreement to accept performance in future satisfaction of an existing duty. Satisfaction is performance of the accord
- Do something and THEN I’ll do something

139
Q

Novation

A
  • If original party agrees to substitute new party, original party has given up rights to go after the other original party. Can only go after the substituted new party for breach
  • If original party agrees with new party without consulting the other original party, that original party could sue the original party, never agreed to new party so never gave up rights
140
Q

Excusing a Condition/ Waiver

A

Voluntarily giving up protection

- You can retract waiver for future things to extent other party hasn’t relied on it

141
Q

Common Law Destruction

A

Destruction provides an excuse for non-performance

142
Q

Sale of Goods Destruction

A

Destruction provides an excuse for non-performance
Risk of Loss: A seller who bore risk of loss when goods were damages or destroyed is excused by impracticability
- Look Out: Risk of Loss, If risk of loss has passed to buyer then seller doesn’t need impracticability
- Unidentified Goods: Seller is excused only if the damaged/ destroyed goods had been identified to the contract
Ex: warehouse burns, seller only excused if specific goods had already been marked for buyer (can’t just be general)

143
Q

Death/Incapacity of Essential Person

A

Can’t just be any person, has to be essential

  • If no unique skills are involved then anyone could do it and that person dying won’t excuse because he wasn’t an essential person (could delegate duty)
  • Where unique skills are involved then impossibility has happened
  • Paying for things: anyone can pay, won’t be excused, estate will pay
144
Q

Specific Performance Service

A

Specific Performance is not available in service contracts but injunctive relief may be
- Can stop you from working for someone else, can’t force you to work for original person (indentured servitude)

145
Q

Increase in Cost of Sellers Performance MBE

A
  • You’ve agreed to sell me something at a certain price and all the sudden the market doubles the price of that item
    MBE- Increase in cost never excuse
146
Q

Frustration of buyers primary purpose

A

No point in buyer going through with contract

- Buyer will only be excused if seller knew what purpose of contract was when they entered into contract

147
Q

Increase in Cost of Sellers Performance Texas

A

Excuse of Contract
- You’ve agreed to sell me something at a certain price and all the sudden the market doubles the price of that item
TEXAS: Seller may have excuse, look at
1. Absolute dollar amount of increase (how much lost money)
2 look at percent of increase

148
Q

Supervening government Regulation

A

Excuse of Contract

149
Q

Failure of Express Condition

A

Excuse of Contract

Limits obligation created by other contract language, but does not create an independent obligation.
- Look for words like if, as long as, when, provided that, on condition that, and unless
Strict compliance required: must be completely fulfilled or excuse is available
- Can go with deal if you want to, but you have excuse not to
- Even if it is for little thing you are excused (had to appraise at 200,000 and it did for 1,999,900)
- Can’t sue because condition didn’t happen. Didn’t create obligations, just limited obligations under the contract

150
Q

Satisfaction Clauses

A

Excuse of Contract

Satisfaction is measured by reasonable person standard unless the contract deals with art or matters of personal taste
Ex: Will pay if I am satisfied with work, measured by reasonable person, unless art or matter of personal taste

151
Q

Do Express Conditions have to be in writing? (precedent or subsequent)

A

Not if used to attack contract formation

- They are not contradicting writing

152
Q

Condition precedent

A

IF an event happens we have a deal

- Event has to happen first before obligation to perform

153
Q

Condition Subsequent

A

Until an event happens

- Cuts off obligation. Obligation starts but it’s cut short by the condition happening

154
Q

Excusing a Condition

A

occurrence of a condition may be excused by the later action or inaction of the person protected by the condition
- Ask who is protected, then see if they did anything to lose condition

155
Q

Excusing a Condition/ Failure to Cooperate

A
  • If you put condition in and made no effort to hold up your end of the condition you will lose the protection of it and have to go through with deal
    Ex: conditioned on you getting mortgage, but you never look for mortgage. Lose protection
156
Q

Market Damages

A

Sellers Damages

Contract price – Market price if seller does not sell in good faith or does not sell at all

157
Q

Lost Profit

A

Sellers Damages
If seller is a lost volume dealer ONLY
- A dealer resells the same goods for the same price. Don’t pick $0. Dealer has lost the profit it would have made on initial sale (would have 2 sales instead of 1)
- Watched for where seller is not making that good anymore, wouldn’t have lost profit because wouldn’t have made sell twice

158
Q

Specific Performance Real Property

A

Specific performance is generally available because real property is considered unique (even if its not)

159
Q

Specific Performance Article 2

A

Specific performance is available only if the goods are unique or there are other proper circumstances (an inability to buy substitute goods in the Market)
- Arts, antiques, custom made goods are unique and you’ll recover them if they haven’t been sold to third party

160
Q

Specific Performance Service

A

Specific Performance is not available in service contracts but injunctive relief may be
- Can stop you from working for someone else, can’t force you to work for original person (indentured servitude)

161
Q

Unpaid Sellers Right to Reclaim Goods

A

Not available under article 2 (seller may have rights under bankruptcy law)
Exception: If buyer was insolvent when it received the goods and seller makes a demand within ten days after buyer received them
- Usually buyer buys on credit (if paid cash, seller wouldn’t have right to get goods back)
- If buyer has sold goods to third party seller has no rights to reclaim goods from innocent 3rd party (if right exist its only against original buyer)
Exception: Seller can reclaim goods at any time if buyer misrepresented its solvency to seller in writing within 3 months before delivery

162
Q

Punitive Damages

A

Not awarded for breach of contract because purpose of contract damages is to compensate not punish
- Want to compensate injured part, not punish breaching party

163
Q

Third Party Beneficiary

A

Two people enter a contract intending to benefit a third party
- A person who is not party to a contract but has rights because the party was intended to benefit her

164
Q

Expectation Damages

A

Put an injured party in as good a position as full performance. Expectation damages are general rule
- If you’ve spent money on contract you will get money you spent on reliance on contract and the profit you excepted (where you would have been if contract performed)

165
Q

Sale of Goods Damages (article 2) Damages

A

Expectation Damages

166
Q

Buyers Damages

A

Cover Damages, Market Damages, Loss in Value

167
Q

Cover Damages

A

Buyers Damages
Cover price – contract price if buyer covers in good faith
- Cover is the extra they had to pay because contract fell through
- Paying more then market value is ok as long as its in good faith (don’t have to pick cheapest option)

168
Q

Market Damages

A

Buyers Damages

Market price – Contract price if buyer doesn’t cover in good faith or doesn’t cover at all

169
Q

Loss in Value

A

Buyers Damages
Value as promised – value delivered if buyer keeps nonconforming goods
- value you promised me I would have – value I actually got

170
Q

Sellers Damages

A

Resale Damages, Market Damages, Lost Profit, Contract Price, Incidental Damages, Consequential Damages

171
Q

Resale Damages

A

Sellers Damages
contract price – resale price if seller resells in god faith
- Could be $0 if I get what we contracted for

172
Q

Market Damages

A

Contract price – Market price if seller does not sell in good faith or does not sell at all

173
Q

Delegation of Duties (Burdens under contract)

A

Contractual duties may be delegated without the consent of the person to whom performance is owed (obligee)
Exceptions: contract language controls. If contract prohibits delegation then duty can’t be delegated
- If contract says not assignment then can’t delegate duty either

174
Q

Contract Price

A

Sellers Damages
If Seller cannot resell the goods
- No market for goods, usually manufactured custom goods for buyer
- Will be able to get the whole contract price

175
Q

Incidental Damages

A

Sellers Damages
Cost to the injured buyer or seller of transporting/caring for goods after a breach and of arranging a substitute transaction
- if they had to store goods, if they had to insure goods, if they had to advertise the goods were for sale

176
Q

Consequential Damages

A

Sellers Damages
Damages that were reasonably foreseeable to the breaching party at the time of the contract.
- Consequential damages are not available to seller under article 2
- Has to be foreseeable at time of contract, not just foreseeable

177
Q

Avoidable Damages

A

An injured party cannot recover damages he could have avoided (mitigated) with reasonable effort

  • Can’t do nothing and expect to get full amount
  • In job contracts you don’t have to take the job but your amount will be reduced accordingly
  • Comparable: same kind of job, same city
178
Q

Entrustment Article 2

A

an owner who entrusts goods to a merchant who deals in goods of the kind (dealer) has no rights against a bona fide purchaser
- Could sue dealer for conversion, but can’t get your good back from that BFP
- Usually always jewelry or a car to be repaired by a merchant who also sells that particular kind of good
Special Merchant: narrower here (and narrower for implied warranty of merchantability)
- Sells good out of regular stock or inventory

179
Q

Third Party Beneficiary

A

Two people enter a contract intending to benefit a third party
- A person who is not party to a contract but has rights because the party was intended to benefit her

180
Q

Third Party Beneficiary / Promisor

A

The party who promises to perform for the third party beneficiary

181
Q

Third Party Beneficiary/ Promisee

A

the party who secures the promise

182
Q

Intended Beneficiary

A

the person to whom performance is to be given under the contract (usually named in contract)
- has legal rights

183
Q

Incidental Beneficiary

A

just happens to benefit from contract

- No legal rights

184
Q

Donee Beneficiary

A

A person who is getting the performance as a gift

185
Q

Creditor Beneficiary

A

Getting the performance to repay a debt

186
Q

Recession and Modification/ Third Party Beneficiary

A

The promisor and promisee can rescind or modify the contract until the rights of the third party beneficiary have vested
- Vest once they learn of contract and rely on it

187
Q

Contract Language with Recession and Modification/ Third party Beneficiary

A

if contract says they can recessed or modify then third party has no rights

188
Q

Promisor Liability

A

Promisor liable to third party beneficiary

  • Intended beneficiary can sue breaching promisor even though no privity of contract betweent them
  • But their rights are limited. If promisee couldn’t recover because of material breach then third party couldn’t either. Third party only has rights promisee does to promisor
189
Q

Delegation of Duties (Burdens under contract)

A

Contractual duties may be delegated without the consent of the person to whom performance is owed (obligee)
Exceptions: contract language controls. If contract prohibits delegation then duty can’t be delegated
- If contract says not assignment then can’t delegate duty either

190
Q

Delegation of Duties where Special skill or reputation involved

A

Can’t delegate
- They hired you because of skill or reputation cant delegate even if you are trying to delegate to someone with more skill or better reputation

191
Q

Assignment of Rights (transfer of benefit)

A

Two people make a contract, later one (assignor) transfers his rights to a third party (assignee). The party owes the duty is the obligor
- Assignments involve 2 steps. 1 Contract 2. 3rd party comes in

In an assignment two parties enter a contract and a third person appears later on. With third party beneficiary all three persons are present from the beginning

  • Assignments must have language of present transfer ( I assign) not a promise to assign
  • Consideration is not required. Can make assignment as gift, but its easier to revoke
192
Q

Assignment Language

A

must have language of present transfer ( I assign) not a promise to assign

193
Q

Restrictions on Assignment

A

Contract language controls. Distinguish a clause that prohibits assignment from one that completely invalidates assignment

  • Rights under contract not assignable: This just says don’t do it, party would be liable for breach for assigning but assignment would still be valid
  • All assignments under this contract are void would invalidate the assignment
194
Q

Assignments of Obligors

A

Cannot substantially change duties of obligor

  • Writing check to different person is easy
  • Trying to change cities in contract is a substantial change
  • Contract to buy can be assigned as long as assignees requirements are not out of line with assignors previous requirements
195
Q

Obligor liable to assignee

A
  • Assignee can sue to get paid
  • Can’t sue if assignor materially breaches the contract (assignee steps into assignors shoes, has the same rights no more no less)
  • If obligor doesn’t know that rights are assigned they will not have breached. Only liable if they are notified of assignment
196
Q

Multiple Assignments / Gratuitous Assignment

A

easily revoked. The last gratuitous assignee prevails over earlier gratuitous assignees because a later give assignment revokes an earlier one
Assignments for consideration are more durable
- The first assignee for consideration prevails over all subsequent assignees (as well as prior gratuitous assignees)
Exception: A later assignee for consideration prevails if he does not know of the earlier assignments and is the first to get payment from or judgment against the obligor

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