contents of the abdomen Flashcards
what are the simpler abdominal subdivisions
right and left upper quadrants
right and left lower quadrants
what are the abdominal subdivisions
right hypochondriac region - epigastric region - left hypochondriac
right lumbar - umbilical - left lumbar
right inguinal (iliac) - hypogastric (pubic) - left inguinal (iliac)
what divides the hypochondriac/epigastric from the lumbar/umbilical regions
subcostal line
what divides the lumbar/hypochondriac from the inguinal/hypogastric regions
transtubercular line
what are the contents of the RUQ
Right lobe of liver Gallbladder Duodenum head of pancreas hepatic flexure of colon part of ascending and transverse colon
contents of the LUQ
Stomach Spleen Left lobe of liver Body of pancreas Splenic flexure of colon Part of transverse and descending colon
contents of the RLQ
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Small intestine
contents of the LLQ
Small intestine
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Processes of the digestive system
Processes Ingestion Secretion of digestive fluids Mixing and propulsion Digestion Absorption Defecation
what is the basic histology of the intestine
Serous – outer membrane, encloses several cavities, secrete lubricating fluid, outer epithelial layer (secretory) and inner layer (connective tissue with vessels)
Muscular – longitudinal or circular, responsible for moving lumen contents
Mucosal – inner layer, lines internal organs or cavities exposed to external environment, secretes mucus and involved in absorption
what are the GI tract divisions
Oral cavity Pharynx Oesophagus -Diaphragm- Stomach Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine (colon)
what is contained in the oral cavity/pharynx
Teeth – accessory organs, assist mechanical digestion
Palate – roof of mouth, soft palate blocks nasal cavity in swallowing
Tongue – accessory organ, taste, assist mixing and swallowing
Salivary glands – secretion of saliva (dissolve food)
Pharynx – directs food to oesophagus, blocks entry to trachea (epiglottis)
what is contained in the oesophagus
Muscular tube – 25cm long Posterior to trachea Upper edge – pharynx Pierce diaphragm Opens to stomach
what is the anatomy of the stomach
Most dilated part of alimentary canal
Between oesophagus and small intestine
J-shaped, lies under diaphragm and under heart
2 openings, curvature, surfaces
Mechanical (muscle) and chemical (gastric juices) digestion
what are the orifices of the stomach
Cardial orifice – link to oesophagus
Pyloric orifice – link to small intestine
what are the curvatures of the stomach
Lesser curvature (superior border) and greater curvature (inferior)
what are the sphincters of the stomach
Pyloric and cardial sphincters
3 layered muscles – longitudinal, circular, oblique
what is the small intestine
Convoluted tube
Pylorus of stomach to ileocaecal junction
5m in length
Subdivided into duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Digestion and absorption
what is the duodenum
12 fingers ie about 20-25 cm long
Retroperitoneal
C shaped
4 parts- superior, descending, horizontal, ascending
Where duct from pancreas and gall bladder open (bile and pancreatic juices)
Ends at duodenal – jejunal flexure
what is the jejunum/ileum
At least 3m long from duodenal-jejunal flexure to ileocaecal junction
Site of absorption – large SA further increased by circular folds, villi, microvilli and motility
Motility – one attached and one free edge
what is the large intestine
Terminal division of GI tract – from end ileum to anus
1.5m length, greater cross section compared to small
4 parts (R to L) ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Ascending/descending are retroperitoneal
Absorption of water from faeces and expelling these
Rectum/anus – sphincters close outside world except when defecating
what artery, vein and lymphatics go to the foregut
A celiac
V portal
L celiac nodes
what artery, vein and lymphatics go to the midgut
superior mesenteric
what artery, vein and lymphatics go to the hindgut
inferior mesenteric
what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the foregut
S celiac ganglia
PS vagus
what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the midgut
S superior mesenteric ganglia
PS vagus
what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply to the hindgut
S inferior mesenteric ganglia
PS pelvic splanchnic
how does the superior mesenteric artery branch
Runs for distal part duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon Jejunal and ileal branches Middle colic Right colic Ileocaecal
how does the inferior mesenteric artery branch
Runs from distal 1/3 transverse colon to half way down anal canal
Left colic
Sigmoid
Superior rectal
sympathetic innervation to abdomen (autonomic)
splanchnic (pre)
sympathetic trunk and ganglia (para)
parasympathetic innervation to abdomen (autonomic)
vagus (CNX) pelvic splanchnic (S2-4)
what are the. gut associated glands
Liver
Spleen
Gall bladder
Pancreas
