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Psychology > Content Area 5 > Flashcards

Content Area 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Psychodynamic Theories

A

Posit that behavior is the dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind

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3
Q

Conscious Mind

A

The sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling, and fantasies inside of our current awareness

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4
Q

Preconscious Mind

A

The thoughts you aren’t actively thinking of but can call to mind easily given the right trigger

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5
Q

Unconscious Mind

A

A reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that occur outside of our conscious awareness

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6
Q

Free Association

A

The mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection

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7
Q

Ego

A

Operates on the reality principle; seeks to realistically gratify the id’s impulses to bring long-term pleasure; contains perceptions, thoughts, judgments, and memories

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8
Q

Superego

A

Focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfection; acts as moral conscience

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9
Q

Id

A

Operates on the pleasure principle; unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress

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10
Q

Pleasure Principle

A

The instinctive seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain to satisfy biological and psychological needs

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11
Q

Reality Principle

A

the ego’s control of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world

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12
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

Oral (0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth—sucking, biting, chewing
Anal (18–36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic (3–6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Latency (6 to puberty) A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital (puberty on)Maturation of sexual interests

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13
Q

Repression

A

underlies all other defense mechanisms. It is sometimes incomplete and may be manifested as symbols in dreams or slips of the tongue

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14
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

The ego protects itself with tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by reality distortion.
Function indirectly and unconsciously

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15
Q

Regression

A

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

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16
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

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17
Q

Projection

A

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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18
Q

Rationalizing

A

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

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19
Q

Displacement

A

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

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20
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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21
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Accepted many of Freud’s ideas

Placed more emphasis on the conscious mind and on social motives than sexual- or aggression-related ones

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22
Q

Contemporary Psychodynamic Theorists

A

Reject Freud’s emphasis on sexual motivation

View mental life as primarily unconscious

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23
Q

Projective Test

A

Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli

Designed to trigger the projection of one’s inner dynamics and reveal unconscious motives

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24
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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25
Q

Self-Actualization

A

Maslow focused on the potential for healthy personal growth and people’s striving for self-determination and self-realization.
People are motivated by hierarchy of needs and strive for self-actualization and self-transcendence

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26
Q

Person-Centered Perspective

A

Roger posited that characteristics of growth-promoting environment include genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Unconditional positive regard and self-concept are key components of Rogers’ theory

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27
Q

Trait Theorists

A

See personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior
Describe differences rather than trying to explain them
Use factor analysis to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together
Suggest genetic predispositions influence many traits

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28
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items to tap basic components of intelligence

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29
Q

Biology & Personality

A

Brain-activity scans of extraverts indicate they seek stimulation because normal brain arousal is relatively low.
Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts.

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30
Q

Stigma of Introversion

A

Introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek low levels of stimulation from their environment

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31
Q

Personality Inventory

A

Questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

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32
Q

The Big 5 Factors (OCEAN)

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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33
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context
Emphasizes interaction of our traits with our situations
Applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality

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34
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Describes the interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors

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35
Q

Social-Cognitive Theorists

A

Build on concepts of learning and cognition
Contend the best way to predict behavior in a given situation is to observe that behavior in similar situations
Downplay the importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits

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36
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Our feeling of self-worth

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37
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

Our sense of competence on a task
High self-esteem correlates with less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult tasks, and with happiness. But the direction of the correlation is not clear

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38
Q

Excessive Optimism

A

May lead to complacency
May prevent recognition of real risks
May be self-defeating when dealing with temptations
May be directed toward a group (illusionary optimism)

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39
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Involves a readiness to perceive the self favorably
Suggests people accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes rather than for failure
Often creates a better-than-average effect
May underlie a range of conflicts

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40
Q

Defensive Self-Esteem

A

Fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, and more vulnerable to perceived threats that feed anger and feelings of vulnerability

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41
Q

Secure Self-Esteem

A

Less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life

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42
Q

Psychological Disorders

A

Marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive

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43
Q

DSM-5

A

American Psychiatric Association, fifth edition

Describes disorders and estimates their occurrence

44
Q

Changes

A

Some label changes (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability)
New or altered diagnoses (e.g., disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; prolonged bereavement/ depression); some are controversial
New categories: hoarding disorder, binge-eating disorder

45
Q

DSM-5 Criticisms

A

Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on field trials.
DSM-5 contributes to the pathologizing of everyday life.
System labels are society’s value judgments

46
Q

DSM-5 Benefits

A

System helps mental health professionals communicate and is useful in research

47
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

48
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

49
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike

50
Q

Phobia

A

Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

51
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors interfere with everyday life and cause distress
More common among teens and young adults than among older people

52
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Often affects battle-scarred veterans (7.6 percent of combatants; 1.4 percent of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (two-thirds of prostitutes)

53
Q

Conditioning

A

Classical conditioning research helps explain how panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues.
Stimulus generalization research demonstrates how a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events.
Reinforcement (operant conditioning) can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia.

54
Q

Biology

A

Genes: Genetic predisposition to anxiety, OCD, and PTSD
The brain: Trauma linked to new fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control, and habitual behavior areas of brain
Natural selection:Biological preparedness to fear threats; easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish

55
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either

(1) depressed mood
(2) loss of interest or pleasure

56
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

Person experiences mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms

57
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania; formerly called manic-depressive disorder

58
Q

Mania

A

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

59
Q

Depressed Brain

A

Brain activity slows during depression
Left frontal lobe is less active
Norepinephrine and serotonin levels decline
Less active left frontal lobe

60
Q

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

Explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence their perceptions
Self-defeating beliefs and a negative explanatory style contribute to the cycle of depression
Views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) which lead to negative moods and actions and fuel new stressful experiences

61
Q

Suicide

A

Affects 1 million people worldwide
Higher risk with diagnosis of depression but may occur with rebound
More likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or as if they are a burden to others

62
Q

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)

A

Cutting, burning, hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under nails or skin, self-administered tattooing

63
Q

Why NSSI (Nonsuicidal Self-Injury)?

A

Gain relief from intense negative thoughts through the distraction of pain
Ask for help and gain attention
Relieve guilt by self-punishment
Get others to change their negative behavior (bullying, criticism)
Fit in with a peer group

64
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Psychological techniques derived from psychological perspectives
Trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth

65
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Treatment with medical procedures

Trained therapist, most often a medical doctor, offers medications and other biological treatments

66
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

Uses techniques from various forms of therapy

67
Q

Psychoanalysis Goals

A

Bring patients’ repressed feelings into conscious awareness

Help patients release energy devoted to id–ego–superego conflicts so they may achieve healthier, less anxious lives

68
Q

Psychoanalysis Techniques

A

Historical reconstruction, initially through hypnosis and later through free association
Interpretation of resistance, transference

69
Q

Psychodynamic Goals

A

Help people understand current symptoms; explore and gain perspective on defended-against thoughts and feelings

70
Q

Psychodynamic Techniques

A

Client-centered face-to-face meetings; exploration of past relationship troubles to understand origins of current difficulties

71
Q

Interpersonal Therapy

A

Brief 12- to 16-session form of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression

72
Q

Humanistic Goals

A

Reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth; help clients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance promoting personal growth

73
Q

Humanistic Techniques

A

Client-centered therapy; focus on taking responsibility for feelings and actions, and on present and future rather than past

74
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

75
Q

Exposure Therapies

A

Treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

76
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli

77
Q

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

A

Treats anxiety by creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

78
Q

Aversive Conditioning Goals

A

Substitute a negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus
Condition an aversion to something the person should avoid

79
Q

Aversive Conditioning Goals

A

Unwanted behavior is associated with unpleasant feelings
Ability to discriminate between aversive conditioning situation in therapy and other situations can limit treatment effectiveness

80
Q

Operant Conditioning Therapy

A

Consequences drive behavior; voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences

81
Q

Behavior Modification

A

Desired behavior is reinforced; undesired behavior is not reinforced, and sometimes punished

82
Q

Token Economy

A

People earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats

83
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

Integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Aims to alter the way people act AND the way they think
Helps people learn to make more realistic appraisals

84
Q

Group Therapy

A

Conducted with groups rather than individuals
Used when client problems involve interactions with others
Group therapy benefits
Saves therapists’ time and clients’ money
Encourages exploration of social behaviors and social skill development
Enables people to see that others share their problems
Provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving

85
Q

Family Therapy

A

Attempts to open up communication within the family and help family members to discover and use conflict resolution strategies
Treats the family as a system
Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

86
Q

Psychotherapy Specific Problems

A

Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies:anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder
Behavioral conditioning therapies: bed-wetting, phobias, compulsions, marital problems, and sexual dysfunctions
Psychodynamic therapy: depression and anxiety
Nondirective (client-centered) counseling: mild to moderate depression

87
Q

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

A

Some effectiveness shown—not from the eye movement but rather from the exposure therapy nature of the treatments

88
Q

Light Exposure Therapy

A

Provides relief from depression symptoms for persons with a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder by activating a brain region that influences arousal and hormones

89
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. (includes research training) or Psy.D. (focuses on therapy) supplemented by a supervised internship and, often, post-doctoral training. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice

90
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s or D.O.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have their own private practice

91
Q

Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers

A

A two-year master of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of clinical social worker

92
Q

Counselors

A

Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Clergy provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Mental health and other counselors may be required to have a two-year master’s degree

93
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Study of drug effects on mind and behavior

Has helped make drug therapy the most widely used biomedical therapy

94
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Mimic certain neurotransmitters (e.g., block or increase activity of dopamine); reduce overreaction to irrelevant stimuli
May produce sluggishness, tremors, twitches, and tardive dyskinesia; Thorazine
Successfully used with life-skills programs and family support to treat schizophrenia

95
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A

Depress CNS activity; Xanax, Ativan
Used in combination with psychological therapy
May reduce symptoms without resolving underlying problems; withdrawal linked to increased anxiety and insomnia

96
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Increase availability of norepinephrine or serotonin; promote birth of new brain cells
Slow synaptic vacuuming up of serotonin (SSRIs)
Effectiveness sometimes questioned due to spontaneous recovery and placebo effect

97
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

A

Depakote: Controls manic episodes
Lithium: Levels out the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder

98
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

Manipulates the brain by shocking it
Involves administration of a general anesthetic and muscle relaxation to prevent convulsions
Causes less memory disruption than earlier versions
AMA concluded that ECT methods have some of the most positive treatment effects; reduce suicidal thoughts

99
Q

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tDCS)

A

Administers a weak (1- to 2-milliamp) current directly to the scalp. Skeptics argue that such a current is too weak to penetrate to the brain; studies do not confirm cognitive benefits

100
Q

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

A

Sends magnetic energy to brain surface through coiled wire held close to brain; fewer side effects; modest effectiveness

101
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

Manipulates the depressed brain via pacemaker; stimulates inhibition activity related to negative emotions and thoughts

102
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
Is irreversible; least used biomedical therapy

103
Q

Lobotomy

A

Psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
Cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain (Moniz)
Today, less invasive techniques are used; MRI-guided surgery may be performed in severe disorders

104
Q

Therapeutic Lifestyle Change

A

Alter lifestyle through adequate exercise, sleep, nutrition, and other changes

105
Q

Drug Therapies

A

Alter brain chemistry through drugs

106
Q

Brain Stimulation

A

Stimulate brain through electroconvulsive shock, mild electrical stimulation, magnetic impulses, or deep-brain stimulation

107
Q

Resilience

A

Personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma

Psychology (4 decks)

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