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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY > Contemporary Urban Environments - Urbanisation > Flashcards

Contemporary Urban Environments - Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities, mainly caused by natural population growth and rural-urban migration.

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2
Q

Define urban growth

A

An increase in the number of urban dwellers.

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3
Q

Define counterurbanisation

A

The movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas, leapfrogging the general urban fringe.

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4
Q

Define suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges. It has been facilitated by the development of transport networks and the increase in ownership of private cars.

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5
Q

Define urban resurgence

A

Refers to the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has experienced a period of decline.

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6
Q

Define deindustrialisation

A

Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

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7
Q

Define decentralisation

A

The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas.

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8
Q

What are the urbanisation case studies?

A

London and Mumbai.

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9
Q

What is the counterurbanisation case study?

A

Felsted.

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10
Q

What is the suburbanisation case study?

A

Richmond-upon-Thames.

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11
Q

What are the urban policies since 1979 case studies?

A

Canning Town, Battersea Power Station, Docklands.

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12
Q

What are the decentralisation case studies?

A

Bluewater (retail), Exeter (services).

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13
Q

What percentage of the global population will be urban by 2050?

A

66%.

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14
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city or urban area with a population of more than 10 million people.

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15
Q

What is a metacity?

A

A conurbation with more than 20 million people.

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16
Q

What are the causes of urban growth?

A

Natural population growth
Rural-urban migration

17
Q

What are the consequence of urbanisation and urban growth?

A

Urban sprawl
Shortage of housing in LICs
Shortage of affordable housing in HICs
Lack of urban services and waste disposal
Unemployment and unemployment
Transport issues

18
Q

Define urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

19
Q

What are the negative impacts of urban sprawl?

A

More roads and infrastructure required
Wildlife habitat loss
Increased commuting
Increased air pollution

20
Q

What are the characteristics of suburbanisation?

A

Outward growth of urban development that has engulfed surrounding villages and rural areas.

21
Q

What are the causes of suburbanisation?

A

Growth of public transport
Increase use of the private car
Railway lines
Arterial roads

22
Q

What are the effects of suburbanisation?

A

Creation of green belts
Rural urban fringe
Increasing social segregation

23
Q

What are the characteristics of counterurbanisation?

A

Gross in rural areas beyond the city

24
Q

What are the causes of counterurbanisation?

A

People want to move away from the air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment.
Greater affluence
Improvements in technology
Rise in demand for second homes and earlier retirement

25
Q

What are the effects of counterurbanisation?

A

Affects the layout of rural settlements
Modern housing estate built on edge of small settlements
Increased value of houses

26
Q

What are the characteristics of urban resurgence?

A

The regeneration of an urban area which has been through the period of decline
Cities have been revived by developing strong financial, business and consumer service industries

27
Q

What are the causes of urban resurgence?

A

Decline in manufacturing industries

28
Q

What are the effects of urban resurgence?

A

Positive multiplier effect
Greater investment in the area
Some people are forced out of their area

29
Q

What is an urban policy?

A

An urban policy relates to the strategy chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

30
Q

What were some economic impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Loss of jobs and personal disposable income
Loss of tax income to the local authority and decline in service
Increase in demand for state benefits

31
Q

What were some social impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Increase in unemployment
Higher levels of deprivation
Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol and drug abuse and other social problems

32
Q

What are some environmental impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Derelict land and buildings
Deteriorating infrastructure
Reduction in noise, land and water pollution and reduced congestion

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (17 decks)

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