Contemporary Urban Environments - Urbanisation Flashcards
Define urban resurgence
Refers to the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has experienced a period of decline.
Define deindustrialisation
Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the 2nd half of the 20th century.
Define decentralisation
The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas.
What are the urbanisation case studies?
London and Mumbai.
What is the counterurbanisation case study?
Felsted.
What is the suburbanisation case study?
Richmond-upon-Thames.
What are the urban policies since 1979 case studies?
Canning Town, Battersea Power Station, Docklands.
What are the decentralisation case studies?
Bluewater (retail), Exeter (services).
What percentage of the global population will be urban by 2050?
66%.
What is a megacity?
A city or urban area with a population of more than 10 million people.
What is a metacity?
A conurbation with more than 20 million people.
What are the causes of urban growth?
Natural population growth
Rural-urban migration
What are the consequence of urbanisation and urban growth?
Urban sprawl
Shortage of housing in LICs
Shortage of affordable housing in HICs
Lack of urban services and waste disposal
Unemployment and unemployment
Transport issues
Define urban sprawl
The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
What are the negative impacts of urban sprawl?
More roads and infrastructure required
Wildlife habitat loss
Increased commuting
Increased air pollution
What are the characteristics of suburbanisation?
Outward growth of urban development that has engulfed surrounding villages and rural areas.
What are the causes of suburbanisation?
Growth of public transport
Increase use of the private car
Railway lines
Arterial roads
What are the effects of suburbanisation?
Creation of green belts
Rural urban fringe
Increasing social segregation
What are the characteristics of counterurbanisation?
Gross in rural areas beyond the city
What are the causes of counterurbanisation?
People want to move away from the air pollution, dirt and crime of the urban environment.
Greater affluence
Improvements in technology
Rise in demand for second homes and earlier retirement
What are the effects of counterurbanisation?
Affects the layout of rural settlements
Modern housing estate built on edge of small settlements
Increased value of houses
What are the characteristics of urban resurgence?
The regeneration of an urban area which has been through the period of decline
Cities have been revived by developing strong financial, business and consumer service industries
What are the causes of urban resurgence?
Decline in manufacturing industries
What are the effects of urban resurgence?
Positive multiplier effect
Greater investment in the area
Some people are forced out of their area
What is an urban policy?
An urban policy relates to the strategy chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems
What were some economic impacts of deindustrialisation?
Loss of jobs and personal disposable income
Loss of tax income to the local authority and decline in service
Increase in demand for state benefits
What were some social impacts of deindustrialisation?
Increase in unemployment
Higher levels of deprivation
Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol and drug abuse and other social problems
What are some environmental impacts of deindustrialisation?
Derelict land and buildings
Deteriorating infrastructure
Reduction in noise, land and water pollution and reduced congestion
Define urbanisation
An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities, mainly caused by natural population growth and rural-urban migration.
Define urban growth
An increase in the number of urban dwellers
Define counter-urbanisation
The movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas, leapfrogging the general urban fringe.
Define suburbanisation
The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on the outer edges. It has been facilitated by the development of transport networks and the increase in ownership of private cars.
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities. Due to natural increase and rural-urban migration.
What is the pattern of urbanisation in the 21st century?
There has been rapid urbanisation in LIC and NEE countries, specifically in Africa and Asia however urbanisation rates in HIC countries has slowed down, especially in North America and Europe.
Recall four processes of urbanisation
1) Suburbanisation
2) Reurbanisation
3) Counterurbanisation
4) Urbanisation
What is a megacity?
A city that has a population greater than 10 million people.
What is a world city?
A city that has a global influence on a global scale.
How does urban growth influence economic processes?
Urban growth causes a greate level of income into a city. This influences economic processes as it increases flows of capital and people, as people follow the money. Rise of the tertiary and quaternary sector.
How does urban growth influence social processes?
Urban growth means there is a greater number of people living in the urban area as well as commuting to there for work. This influences social processes as more people work and live in areas undergoing urban growth. Urban sprawl, shortage of housing, unemployment
How does urban growth influence technological processes?
Outsourcing, mechanisation, TNCs
How does urban growth influence political processes?
Voting power, influence
How does urban growth influence demographic processes?
People are more likely to migrate to developed or developing urban areas, this increases diversity in urban areas. Four processes of urbanisation.
Recall three urban changes since 1970
1) Deindustrialisation
2) Decentralisation
3) Rise of the service economy
What are urban policies?
Governmental policies that aim to improve an area, making it more popular area to work and live. To manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems.
Recall examples of urban policies
1) Docklands Regeneration
2) Canning Town
3) Battersea Power Station Regeneration
