Contemporary Urban Environments Pt2 Flashcards by Eliot Goddard

What are some negative consequences of economic inequality

Political and social unrest
A rise in crime, drug use and violence
Health problems e.g. cities with higher levels of income inequality have more malnourished children.

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Describe and explain the 3 reasons that the wealthy and poor are socially segregated

Housing - Developers, builders and planners build with a particular group in mind
Changing Environments - Former poorer areas are being gentrified + slums are being removed
The ethnic dimension - New immigrants can often only afford cheaper housing

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Identify 2 reasons why there is greater cultural diversity in cities

Any 2 from:
- Tend to offer greater range of employment opportunities
- The first point of entry into the country for many immigrants
- They tend to house earlier immigrant groups with the same ethnicity
- Cultural diversity means specialist ethnic shops and religious centres are likely to be located nearby
- Urban populations tend to be more tolerant of immigrants

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List 2 ways to reduce poverty in urban areas

Any 2 from
- Enforcing a living wage or providing an urban subsidy
- Provision of school
- Supporting low skilled workers who want to develop their abilities
- Access to affordable housing
- Greater provision of public transportation
- Enforcement of minimum environmental standards
- “Fairness commissions”

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What is the estimated population of Mumbai

Over 25 million

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How many languages are spoken in Mumbai

16 languages

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What is the most valuable area of Mumbai (land value)

Cuffe Parade (South East) at 22,000-60,000 Rupees per square foot

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List and explain 3 Opportunities in Mumbai

Any 3 from:
- Healthcare - Rural India has very low access rates to proper medical facilities so hospitals in Mumbai would prove strong pull factors.
- Education - This gives the future generations a better chance in life, enabling them to receive a high quality job opportunity
- Water Supply - Poorer rural areas require a labouring walk for water from a local well
- Energy - Some remote areas of India have no access to electricity, making it a commodity to some
- Job Opportunity - Most people moving into Mumbai see the city as an opportunity to get a hugely attractive job that is often unattainable but with strong financial incentives. In addition the Bollywood industry can be attractive to people looking to move.
- Financial Attractiveness - Mumbai’s activity accounts for 6% of India’s GDP and 40% of India’s foreign trade
- People + Density - People may see an urban environment as attractive

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List and explain 2 challenges in Mumbai

Any 2 from
- Disease - Open sewage can lead to waterborne diseases spreading rapidly in a high density area
- Lack of open space - Less than 0.03 acres of open space per 1000 people (12 in London)
- Nitric Oxide + Nitrogen Oxide Pollution - Dangerously high, 3 times safe limit
- Congestion - Around 7.5 million people use trains each day
- Waste - Mumbai discards 11,000 metric tonnes of rubbish every day
- Flooding - Frequent in most coastal areas

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What is Mumbai’s plans with Dharavi

A $2 billion project organised by the slum rehabilitation authority (SRA) aims to relocate people in the recycling district of Dharavi due to its proximity to Mumbai’s CBD. It additionally threatens a tight knit fishing community. This project will offer a small flat space to families and residents of the slum.

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Name 2 improvements have been made around Mumbai’s transport infrastructure

Any 2 from
- Longer trains
- 2 new lines
- Mobile phone ticketing
- AC on trains
- Development of a £500 million metro line, spanning 18 miles
- Raising of axle sensors to allow trains to operate in floods

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What issues have the urbanisation of Mumbai caused

Social Inequality + Increased Crime
Services under increased stress, Infrastructure + Road Congestion
Lack of housing + overcrowding, social + affordable housing
Reduced green spaces

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What is an example of a group that diversified a population of London

The Movement of Black Caribbean’s into Brixton (Windrush Generation)

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How many Black Carribean people moved into Brixton

Around 500,000

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How many times wealth do people in Canary Wharf than poplar

273 times out of

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Give examples of ways that the Black Carribean population of London initially being treated poorly

Housing landlords would overcharge or not allow them to buy property

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What percentage of houses in Kensington and Chelsea are not deprived to any dimension

52.6%

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What percentage of households in Hounslow are not deprived in any dimensions

44.1%

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What ethnic trends are seen in London

Less diverse, majority white population on outskirts
Other groups tend to cluster into ethnic enclaves near the centre

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What percentage of people in Kensington and Chelsea have level 4 qualifications or above

59.5%

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What percentage of people that live in Hounslow have level 4 or above qualifications

41.6%

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What ethnic group makes up the majority of Kensington and Chelsea residents

White

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What ethnic groups take up the majority of Hounslow

Asian and White

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What is the difference in infiltration rates in rural and urban areas stating figures for both

50% Infiltration in rural to 15% in urban areas

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What is are SUDs

Sustainable urban drainage systems

List two benefits of using SUDs

- Improve water quality through encouraging sediment settling, biological breakdown and filtering pollutants (heavy metals) - Increased green space can increase recreational space and reduce urban heat island effect - Helps to improve urban biodiversity

Why are SUDs not a “one size fits all” solution to drainage

- Must consider many things: land use, geology, infrastructure - Cities lack space so large ponds + wetlands are not accessible - Have to consider pollutants so they aren’t spread further

What is the case study for SUDs in the UK

Lamb Drove, Camborne

List 3 things implemented by SUDs in Lamb Drove

Any 3 from: - Water Butts - Permeable paving - Green sedum roof - Swales - Detention basins + Wetlands - Recreation pond

What impact did the SUDs in Lamb Drove have on pipe drainage

10% less conventional pipe drainage systems required

What impact have SUDs in Lamb Drove had on heavy metals in water

Significant decrease- - Zinc from 0.3mg/litre to 0.04mg/litre - Lead from 0.28mg/litre to 0.025mg/litre)

List 2 positive impacts that the Lamb Drove SUDs have had on the area

Any 2 from: - 10% less conventional pipe drainage - Reduction in drainage costs - Substantial improvements in biodiversity, ecology and subsequently quality of life to locals - Reduction in flow rates - Reduction in heavy metals - Development of attractive landscape + amenities increasing quality of life

What is the case study for SUDs outside the UK

The Cheonggyecheon River Project, South Korea Seul

When did the Cheonggyecheon River restoration project start

2003

How much did the Cheonggyecheon river restoration project cost

380 billion South Korean Won

What was the Cheonggyecheon River covered by

A motorway

How many cars would pass over the Cheonggyecheon river per day when it was covered

180,000

How many businesses were effected by the Cheonggyecheon river project

60,000

What were the benefits of the Cheonggyecheon River Project

- Revival of cultural areas in the city - Reduced Pollution - Reduced urban heat island effect - Increased tourism

What historical restoration took place during the Cheonggyecheon River Project

Historic restoration, of existing historical bridges across the river that were carefully moved upstream and restored to good condition

What are the causes for an increase in urban waste

- Population Growth - Economic Development

On average, how much does waste production increase by every year

List 2 impacts of increasing waste generation

Any 2 from: - Cost of collecting and treating waste - Waste is a large source of methane (global warming) - Water and ground contamination from leachates - Air quality degradation leading to health issues - Cost and infrastructure to collect waste - Landfill space

What are the statistics for waste recycled from 2000 to 2015

Has increased from 3 million tonnes (2000) to 16 million tonnes (2015)

What is the collection rate of plastic bottles in Norway

97% collection rate of plastic bottles

What benefits can come from some forms of incineration

Renewable energy for public use

How old and high is the landfill in Mumbai

A 90 year old landfill is now 10 stories high

In the Netherlands what do company AEB do with waste

Incinerate the waste to heat steam, powering turbines and generating renewable electricity. Any fly ash collected is used to generate tarmac

What is the name of Singapores Main offshore landfill

Semakau Landfill

How large is the rock bund and impermeable membrane around the Semakau Landfill

7km

What recreational opportunities does the Semakau landfill offer

Recreation, fishing and school trips

When is Semakau landfill predicted to be filled completely

2045

How many cars travel on Beijings roads daily

5 million cars

How much waste does Beijing produce per day

23,000 tonnes

How much sewage goes into the Thames on a typical year

40 million cubic meters

How long is the Thames tidalway designed to be

25km

What is the cost of the Thames tidalway

£4.2 billion

Where will the Thames tidalway travel from

Acton to Abbey Mills

What is the aim of the Thames Tidalway

To cater for an increased population and therefore volume of sewage so that less is dumped in the Thames

What percentage of Curtiba’s population are satisfied with living there

99%

What improvements were made to bus lines in Curtiba

- Designed Arterial Roads with 1 lane into city, 1 lane out of city and one bus lane - Triple Articulated busses - Ensuring a bus every 60 seconds

What was the cost of Curtiba’s bus network compared to the predicted cost of underground rail

100-200 times less than underground would have cost for similar passenger numbers

How many city blocks in Curitiba have been pedestrianised