Contemporary Urban Environments Pt2 Flashcards
What are some negative consequences of economic inequality
- Political and social unrest
- A rise in crime, drug use and violence
- Health problems e.g. cities with higher levels of income inequality have more malnourished children.
Describe and explain the 3 reasons that the wealthy and poor are socially segregated
- Housing - Developers, builders and planners build with a particular group in mind
- Changing Environments - Former poorer areas are being gentrified + slums are being removed
- The ethnic dimension - New immigrants can often only afford cheaper housing
Identify 2 reasons why there is greater cultural diversity in cities
Any 2 from:
- Tend to offer greater range of employment opportunities
- The first point of entry into the country for many immigrants
- They tend to house earlier immigrant groups with the same ethnicity
- Cultural diversity means specialist ethnic shops and religious centres are likely to be located nearby
- Urban populations tend to be more tolerant of immigrants
List 2 ways to reduce poverty in urban areas
Any 2 from
- Enforcing a living wage or providing an urban subsidy
- Provision of school
- Supporting low skilled workers who want to develop their abilities
- Access to affordable housing
- Greater provision of public transportation
- Enforcement of minimum environmental standards
- “Fairness commissions”
What is the estimated population of Mumbai
Over 25 million
How many languages are spoken in Mumbai
16 languages
What is the most valuable area of Mumbai (land value)
Cuffe Parade (South East) at 22,000-60,000 Rupees per square foot
List and explain 3 Opportunities in Mumbai
Any 3 from:
- Healthcare - Rural India has very low access rates to proper medical facilities so hospitals in Mumbai would prove strong pull factors.
- Education - This gives the future generations a better chance in life, enabling them to receive a high quality job opportunity
- Water Supply - Poorer rural areas require a labouring walk for water from a local well
- Energy - Some remote areas of India have no access to electricity, making it a commodity to some
- Job Opportunity - Most people moving into Mumbai see the city as an opportunity to get a hugely attractive job that is often unattainable but with strong financial incentives. In addition the Bollywood industry can be attractive to people looking to move.
- Financial Attractiveness - Mumbai’s activity accounts for 6% of India’s GDP and 40% of India’s foreign trade
- People + Density - People may see an urban environment as attractive
List and explain 2 challenges in Mumbai
Any 2 from
- Disease - Open sewage can lead to waterborne diseases spreading rapidly in a high density area
- Lack of open space - Less than 0.03 acres of open space per 1000 people (12 in London)
- Nitric Oxide + Nitrogen Oxide Pollution - Dangerously high, 3 times safe limit
- Congestion - Around 7.5 million people use trains each day
- Waste - Mumbai discards 11,000 metric tonnes of rubbish every day
- Flooding - Frequent in most coastal areas
What is Mumbai’s plans with Dharavi
A $2 billion project organised by the slum rehabilitation authority (SRA) aims to relocate people in the recycling district of Dharavi due to its proximity to Mumbai’s CBD. It additionally threatens a tight knit fishing community. This project will offer a small flat space to families and residents of the slum.
Name 2 improvements have been made around Mumbai’s transport infrastructure
Any 2 from
- Longer trains
- 2 new lines
- Mobile phone ticketing
- AC on trains
- Development of a £500 million metro line, spanning 18 miles
- Raising of axle sensors to allow trains to operate in floods
What issues have the urbanisation of Mumbai caused
- Social Inequality + Increased Crime
- Services under increased stress, Infrastructure + Road Congestion
- Lack of housing + overcrowding, social + affordable housing
- Reduced green spaces
What is an example of a group that diversified a population of London
The Movement of Black Caribbean’s into Brixton (Windrush Generation)
How many Black Carribean people moved into Brixton
Around 500,000
How many times wealth do people in Canary Wharf than poplar
273 times out of
Give examples of ways that the Black Carribean population of London initially being treated poorly
- Housing landlords would overcharge or not allow them to buy property
What percentage of houses in Kensington and Chelsea are not deprived to any dimension
52.6%
What percentage of households in Hounslow are not deprived in any dimensions
44.1%
What ethnic trends are seen in London
- Less diverse, majority white population on outskirts
- Other groups tend to cluster into ethnic enclaves near the centre
What percentage of people in Kensington and Chelsea have level 4 qualifications or above
59.5%
What percentage of people that live in Hounslow have level 4 or above qualifications
41.6%
What ethnic group makes up the majority of Kensington and Chelsea residents
White
What ethnic groups take up the majority of Hounslow
Asian and White
What is the difference in infiltration rates in rural and urban areas stating figures for both
- 50% Infiltration in rural to 15% in urban areas
What is are SUDs
Sustainable urban drainage systems
List two benefits of using SUDs
- Improve water quality through encouraging sediment settling, biological breakdown and filtering pollutants (heavy metals)
- Increased green space can increase recreational space and reduce urban heat island effect
- Helps to improve urban biodiversity
Why are SUDs not a “one size fits all” solution to drainage
- Must consider many things: land use, geology, infrastructure
- Cities lack space so large ponds + wetlands are not accessible
- Have to consider pollutants so they aren’t spread further
What is the case study for SUDs in the UK
Lamb Drove, Camborne
List 3 things implemented by SUDs in Lamb Drove
Any 3 from:
- Water Butts
- Permeable paving
- Green sedum roof
- Swales
- Detention basins + Wetlands
- Recreation pond
What impact did the SUDs in Lamb Drove have on pipe drainage
10% less conventional pipe drainage systems required
What impact have SUDs in Lamb Drove had on heavy metals in water
Significant decrease-
- Zinc from 0.3mg/litre to 0.04mg/litre
- Lead from 0.28mg/litre to 0.025mg/litre)
List 2 positive impacts that the Lamb Drove SUDs have had on the area
Any 2 from:
- 10% less conventional pipe drainage
- Reduction in drainage costs
- Substantial improvements in biodiversity, ecology and subsequently quality of life to locals
- Reduction in flow rates
- Reduction in heavy metals
- Development of attractive landscape + amenities increasing quality of life
What is the case study for SUDs outside the UK
The Cheonggyecheon River Project, South Korea Seul
When did the Cheonggyecheon River restoration project start
2003
How much did the Cheonggyecheon river restoration project cost
380 billion South Korean Won
What was the Cheonggyecheon River covered by
A motorway
How many cars would pass over the Cheonggyecheon river per day when it was covered
180,000
How many businesses were effected by the Cheonggyecheon river project
60,000
What were the benefits of the Cheonggyecheon River Project
- Revival of cultural areas in the city
- Reduced Pollution
- Reduced urban heat island effect
- Increased tourism
What historical restoration took place during the Cheonggyecheon River Project
Historic restoration, of existing historical bridges across the river that were carefully moved upstream and restored to good condition
What are the causes for an increase in urban waste
- Population Growth
- Economic Development
On average, how much does waste production increase by every year
7%
List 2 impacts of increasing waste generation
Any 2 from:
- Cost of collecting and treating waste
- Waste is a large source of methane (global warming)
- Water and ground contamination from leachates
- Air quality degradation leading to health issues
- Cost and infrastructure to collect waste
- Landfill space
What are the statistics for waste recycled from 2000 to 2015
Has increased from 3 million tonnes (2000) to 16 million tonnes (2015)
What is the collection rate of plastic bottles in Norway
97% collection rate of plastic bottles
What benefits can come from some forms of incineration
Renewable energy for public use
How old and high is the landfill in Mumbai
A 90 year old landfill is now 10 stories high
In the Netherlands what do company AEB do with waste
Incinerate the waste to heat steam, powering turbines and generating renewable electricity. Any fly ash collected is used to generate tarmac
What is the name of Singapores Main offshore landfill
Semakau Landfill
How large is the rock bund and impermeable membrane around the Semakau Landfill
7km
What recreational opportunities does the Semakau landfill offer
Recreation, fishing and school trips
When is Semakau landfill predicted to be filled completely
2045
How many cars travel on Beijings roads daily
5 million cars
How much waste does Beijing produce per day
23,000 tonnes
How much sewage goes into the Thames on a typical year
40 million cubic meters
How long is the Thames tidalway designed to be
25km
What is the cost of the Thames tidalway
£4.2 billion
Where will the Thames tidalway travel from
Acton to Abbey Mills
What is the aim of the Thames Tidalway
To cater for an increased population and therefore volume of sewage so that less is dumped in the Thames
What percentage of Curtiba’s population are satisfied with living there
99%
What improvements were made to bus lines in Curtiba
- Designed Arterial Roads with 1 lane into city, 1 lane out of city and one bus lane
- Triple Articulated busses
- Ensuring a bus every 60 seconds
What was the cost of Curtiba’s bus network compared to the predicted cost of underground rail
100-200 times less than underground would have cost for similar passenger numbers
How many city blocks in Curitiba have been pedestrianised
15
