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Geography A Level > Contemporary Urban Environments Pt2 > Flashcards

Contemporary Urban Environments Pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some negative consequences of economic inequality

A
  • Political and social unrest
  • A rise in crime, drug use and violence
  • Health problems e.g. cities with higher levels of income inequality have more malnourished children.
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2
Q

Describe and explain the 3 reasons that the wealthy and poor are socially segregated

A
  • Housing - Developers, builders and planners build with a particular group in mind
  • Changing Environments - Former poorer areas are being gentrified + slums are being removed
  • The ethnic dimension - New immigrants can often only afford cheaper housing
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3
Q

Identify 2 reasons why there is greater cultural diversity in cities

A

Any 2 from:
- Tend to offer greater range of employment opportunities
- The first point of entry into the country for many immigrants
- They tend to house earlier immigrant groups with the same ethnicity
- Cultural diversity means specialist ethnic shops and religious centres are likely to be located nearby
- Urban populations tend to be more tolerant of immigrants

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4
Q

List 2 ways to reduce poverty in urban areas

A

Any 2 from
- Enforcing a living wage or providing an urban subsidy
- Provision of school
- Supporting low skilled workers who want to develop their abilities
- Access to affordable housing
- Greater provision of public transportation
- Enforcement of minimum environmental standards
- “Fairness commissions”

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5
Q

What is the estimated population of Mumbai

A

Over 25 million

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6
Q

How many languages are spoken in Mumbai

A

16 languages

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7
Q

What is the most valuable area of Mumbai (land value)

A

Cuffe Parade (South East) at 22,000-60,000 Rupees per square foot

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8
Q

List and explain 3 Opportunities in Mumbai

A

Any 3 from:
- Healthcare - Rural India has very low access rates to proper medical facilities so hospitals in Mumbai would prove strong pull factors.
- Education - This gives the future generations a better chance in life, enabling them to receive a high quality job opportunity
- Water Supply - Poorer rural areas require a labouring walk for water from a local well
- Energy - Some remote areas of India have no access to electricity, making it a commodity to some
- Job Opportunity - Most people moving into Mumbai see the city as an opportunity to get a hugely attractive job that is often unattainable but with strong financial incentives. In addition the Bollywood industry can be attractive to people looking to move.
- Financial Attractiveness - Mumbai’s activity accounts for 6% of India’s GDP and 40% of India’s foreign trade
- People + Density - People may see an urban environment as attractive

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9
Q

List and explain 2 challenges in Mumbai

A

Any 2 from
- Disease - Open sewage can lead to waterborne diseases spreading rapidly in a high density area
- Lack of open space - Less than 0.03 acres of open space per 1000 people (12 in London)
- Nitric Oxide + Nitrogen Oxide Pollution - Dangerously high, 3 times safe limit
- Congestion - Around 7.5 million people use trains each day
- Waste - Mumbai discards 11,000 metric tonnes of rubbish every day
- Flooding - Frequent in most coastal areas

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10
Q

What is Mumbai’s plans with Dharavi

A

A $2 billion project organised by the slum rehabilitation authority (SRA) aims to relocate people in the recycling district of Dharavi due to its proximity to Mumbai’s CBD. It additionally threatens a tight knit fishing community. This project will offer a small flat space to families and residents of the slum.

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11
Q

Name 2 improvements have been made around Mumbai’s transport infrastructure

A

Any 2 from
- Longer trains
- 2 new lines
- Mobile phone ticketing
- AC on trains
- Development of a £500 million metro line, spanning 18 miles
- Raising of axle sensors to allow trains to operate in floods

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12
Q

What issues have the urbanisation of Mumbai caused

A
  • Social Inequality + Increased Crime
  • Services under increased stress, Infrastructure + Road Congestion
  • Lack of housing + overcrowding, social + affordable housing
  • Reduced green spaces
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13
Q

What is an example of a group that diversified a population of London

A

The Movement of Black Caribbean’s into Brixton (Windrush Generation)

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14
Q

How many Black Carribean people moved into Brixton

A

Around 500,000

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15
Q

How many times wealth do people in Canary Wharf than poplar

A

273 times out of

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16
Q

Give examples of ways that the Black Carribean population of London initially being treated poorly

A
  • Housing landlords would overcharge or not allow them to buy property
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17
Q

What percentage of houses in Kensington and Chelsea are not deprived to any dimension

A

52.6%

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18
Q

What percentage of households in Hounslow are not deprived in any dimensions

A

44.1%

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19
Q

What ethnic trends are seen in London

A
  • Less diverse, majority white population on outskirts
  • Other groups tend to cluster into ethnic enclaves near the centre
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20
Q

What percentage of people in Kensington and Chelsea have level 4 qualifications or above

A

59.5%

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21
Q

What percentage of people that live in Hounslow have level 4 or above qualifications

A

41.6%

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22
Q

What ethnic group makes up the majority of Kensington and Chelsea residents

A

White

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23
Q

What ethnic groups take up the majority of Hounslow

A

Asian and White

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24
Q

What is the difference in infiltration rates in rural and urban areas stating figures for both

A
  • 50% Infiltration in rural to 15% in urban areas
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25
Q

What is are SUDs

A

Sustainable urban drainage systems

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26
Q

List two benefits of using SUDs

A
  • Improve water quality through encouraging sediment settling, biological breakdown and filtering pollutants (heavy metals)
  • Increased green space can increase recreational space and reduce urban heat island effect
  • Helps to improve urban biodiversity
27
Q

Why are SUDs not a “one size fits all” solution to drainage

A
  • Must consider many things: land use, geology, infrastructure
  • Cities lack space so large ponds + wetlands are not accessible
  • Have to consider pollutants so they aren’t spread further
28
Q

What is the case study for SUDs in the UK

A

Lamb Drove, Camborne

29
Q

List 3 things implemented by SUDs in Lamb Drove

A

Any 3 from:
- Water Butts
- Permeable paving
- Green sedum roof
- Swales
- Detention basins + Wetlands
- Recreation pond

30
Q

What impact did the SUDs in Lamb Drove have on pipe drainage

A

10% less conventional pipe drainage systems required

31
Q

What impact have SUDs in Lamb Drove had on heavy metals in water

A

Significant decrease-
- Zinc from 0.3mg/litre to 0.04mg/litre
- Lead from 0.28mg/litre to 0.025mg/litre)

32
Q

List 2 positive impacts that the Lamb Drove SUDs have had on the area

A

Any 2 from:
- 10% less conventional pipe drainage
- Reduction in drainage costs
- Substantial improvements in biodiversity, ecology and subsequently quality of life to locals
- Reduction in flow rates
- Reduction in heavy metals
- Development of attractive landscape + amenities increasing quality of life

33
Q

What is the case study for SUDs outside the UK

A

The Cheonggyecheon River Project, South Korea Seul

34
Q

When did the Cheonggyecheon River restoration project start

A

2003

35
Q

How much did the Cheonggyecheon river restoration project cost

A

380 billion South Korean Won

36
Q

What was the Cheonggyecheon River covered by

A

A motorway

37
Q

How many cars would pass over the Cheonggyecheon river per day when it was covered

A

180,000

38
Q

How many businesses were effected by the Cheonggyecheon river project

A

60,000

39
Q

What were the benefits of the Cheonggyecheon River Project

A
  • Revival of cultural areas in the city
  • Reduced Pollution
  • Reduced urban heat island effect
  • Increased tourism
40
Q

What historical restoration took place during the Cheonggyecheon River Project

A

Historic restoration, of existing historical bridges across the river that were carefully moved upstream and restored to good condition

41
Q

What are the causes for an increase in urban waste

A
  • Population Growth
  • Economic Development
42
Q

On average, how much does waste production increase by every year

A

7%

43
Q

List 2 impacts of increasing waste generation

A

Any 2 from:
- Cost of collecting and treating waste
- Waste is a large source of methane (global warming)
- Water and ground contamination from leachates
- Air quality degradation leading to health issues
- Cost and infrastructure to collect waste
- Landfill space

44
Q

What are the statistics for waste recycled from 2000 to 2015

A

Has increased from 3 million tonnes (2000) to 16 million tonnes (2015)

45
Q

What is the collection rate of plastic bottles in Norway

A

97% collection rate of plastic bottles

46
Q

What benefits can come from some forms of incineration

A

Renewable energy for public use

47
Q

How old and high is the landfill in Mumbai

A

A 90 year old landfill is now 10 stories high

48
Q

In the Netherlands what do company AEB do with waste

A

Incinerate the waste to heat steam, powering turbines and generating renewable electricity. Any fly ash collected is used to generate tarmac

49
Q

What is the name of Singapores Main offshore landfill

A

Semakau Landfill

50
Q

How large is the rock bund and impermeable membrane around the Semakau Landfill

A

7km

51
Q

What recreational opportunities does the Semakau landfill offer

A

Recreation, fishing and school trips

52
Q

When is Semakau landfill predicted to be filled completely

A

2045

53
Q

How many cars travel on Beijings roads daily

A

5 million cars

54
Q

How much waste does Beijing produce per day

A

23,000 tonnes

55
Q

How much sewage goes into the Thames on a typical year

A

40 million cubic meters

56
Q

How long is the Thames tidalway designed to be

A

25km

57
Q

What is the cost of the Thames tidalway

A

£4.2 billion

58
Q

Where will the Thames tidalway travel from

A

Acton to Abbey Mills

59
Q

What is the aim of the Thames Tidalway

A

To cater for an increased population and therefore volume of sewage so that less is dumped in the Thames

60
Q

What percentage of Curtiba’s population are satisfied with living there

A

99%

61
Q

What improvements were made to bus lines in Curtiba

A
  • Designed Arterial Roads with 1 lane into city, 1 lane out of city and one bus lane
  • Triple Articulated busses
  • Ensuring a bus every 60 seconds
62
Q

What was the cost of Curtiba’s bus network compared to the predicted cost of underground rail

A

100-200 times less than underground would have cost for similar passenger numbers

63
Q

How many city blocks in Curitiba have been pedestrianised

A

15

Geography A Level (4 decks)

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