Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards
What is the difference between Urbanisation and Urban Growth
Urban Growth - The increase in the population in an urban area
Urbanisation - The increase in proportion of the population living in an urban area as a percentage
What is a megacity
A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million
Define Urban Sprawl
The spread of an urban area into the the surrounding countryside
Define a world city
A city that acts as a major centre of finance, trade, business, politics, culture, science, information, media and all associated services - serving not only the nation but the whole world
List and explain the 2 main causes of urbanisation
- Rural to Urban Migration - Caused by push and pull factors causing people to move away from rural areas and be drawn into urban areas
- Natural Population Increase - High in urban areas, This is due to a more dense population and the demographic of people in urban areas tending to be more in their fertile years, increasing birth rate.
What is the predicted urban population in years 1945, 2014 and 2050
1945 - 800 million
2014 - 4 billion
2050 - 7 billion
What 2 continents are predicted to see the highest urban growth in the near future
Asia - Increase of 1 billion from 2014 to 2050
Africa - Increase of 600 million from 2014 to 2050
List and explain at least 3 consequences of Urbanisation + Urban Growth
- Urban Sprawl - Growth of a city can cause uncontrolled and unplanned urbanisation. This could be high cost and causes large scale habitat loss in old rural areas.
- Housing Shortage in LICs - Could cause an increase in slums + squatter settlements meaning more people live in poor living conditions.
- Shortage of Affordable Housing in HICs - Rapid increase in rental and housing price and the rise of gentrification of buildings from wealthy foreign investors.
- Lack of Urban Services - Increase in conjunction, pollution, flooding + Spread of Disease
List Economic Factors leading to urban growth
- Cost of Land
- Structual Job Changes
- New Employment Opportunities
- Industrialisation
- Affordable Housing
- Globalisation
List Social Factors leading to urban growth
- Concentration of Socio-Economic groups
- Geographical and social mobility
- Access to cultural and social participation + diversity
List Technological Factors leading to urban growth
- More developed infrastructure
- Better connectivity
- Attraction of digital businesses
List Political Factors leading to urban growth
- Regeneration Schemes
- Re-Imaging
- Planning decisions improving land use and making urban areas more attractive places to live.
List Demographic Factors leading to urban growth
- Population growth
- Attraction of urban areas to young + mobile populations
What is the most Interconnected city in the world using alpha ranking
London
Define suburbanisation
The outward growth of people, services and employment towards the edges of an urban area
What is the green belt
Rings of green space with increased building regulations, designed to reduce urban sprawl located around the outer suburbs of a city on its rural urban fringe.
Give examples of suburbanisation in Guildford
- The Shrinkage of Stoke Park
- Guildfords boundaries have engulfed previous village settlements of Park Barn, Onslow Village, Bushy Hill and Merrow
- Creation of industrial estate on prior rural-urban fringe.
- Introduction of new schools
List Push factors away from urban areas
- Loud, Busy, Conjested
- Pollution (Health issues)
- Lack of Green Space
- More Crime (in general)
- Expensive food + properties
- Smaller Properties
List Pull factors into suburban areas
- Quiet + less conjested
- Less Polluted
- Lots of green space + recreational areas
- Less crime
- Less expensive food and property
- Larger Property size
- Affordable housing
- Shops and services
Describe what the donut effect is with an example from changing places
Essentially what happens if suburbanisation occurs too quickly leaving a hole in the city centre (like a donut) as services leave the centre and people follow. This happened in Detroit when the automotive industry left the CBD of Detroit, leaving it Barron while the suburbs continue, far less effected.
In Serbiton what percentage of people are well educated (level 4 qualification) compared to national average
57% in Serbiton to 33.9% national average
What percentage of Serbiton residents work in professional occupations compared to national average
41.7% in Serbiton to 31% on national average
List causes of Suburbanisation in Serbiton
- Large variety in shops, drawing people in due to convenience of range of shops nearby.
- Close to main roads e.g. A3 making commuting and travel easy and convenient
- Good state schools draw families with children to area
List the effects of suburbanisation on Serbiton
- Rapid increase in house price as demands for housing in the area increase to around £700,000
- 70% of households own a car leading to large amounts of congestion and pollution
- Located in London Zone 6 making it expensive to commute
List Strategies used in Serbiton to manage suburbanisation
- Serbiton Neighbourhood Committee allows locals to have their say in how the area manages issues
- Plans to make Serbiton a zone 5 train station reducing commuting price.
- Widening of roads to reduce congestion
Define Counter-Urbanisation
The population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural area
Define a suburbanised village
A small settlement in which most workers commute to work in urban areas and are said to have urban values, so they are not primarily interested in the economy.
List causes of counter urbanisation
- Negative reaction to city life and nature of built environment in cities
- Car ownership and greater affluence allow people to commute
- Sources of employment have moved out of cities
- Rising demand for second homes and early retirement to rural areas
- Construction of more executive housing
- Increasing value of housing
List the typical Socio-Economic groups that will Counter-Urbanise
- Young village born adults seeking education + employment opportunities elsewhere
- Middle aged in-migration of wealthier couples or families in rural areas
- Commuters particularly in overspill towns
List effects of Counter-Urbanisation
- Suburbanisation of villages
- Rise in housing prices
- Increasing pressure on the countryside for recreation
- Increased flood potential
- Revival of market towns
What is the population of Cranleigh
12,000
What percentage of bedrooms are 3 to 4 bedrooms in Cranleigh
67.1%
What percentage of houses in Cranleigh are detached
81%
What is the average cost of a detached house in Cranleigh
Over £960,000
What percentage of people drive to work in Cranleigh
45.5%
How many new homes does Waverley Borough Council want to build in Cranleigh
8000
What caused the fall of industrial activity in London Docklands and when was this?
The rise of larger container ships in the 1970s left docklands port mostly inaccessible so London’s main port was moved elsewhere to allow access to these vessels. By 1979 the Docklands was completely abandoned.
Name and describe the urban redevelopment scheme was used in the Docklands
Urban Development Cooperations (1980s) - A top down approach aiming to regenerate inner city areas with large amounts of derelict land by the government taking over planning responsibility from local councils
What are the positives and negatives of Urban Development Cooperations
Positives
- The area was usually very economically successful and brought land value up rapidly
- The area would often receive good private sector investment
- Creation of business
Negatives
- The project often forced out previous low skilled residents
- Many argued that local councils know the area better so should be responsible for regeneration
What was the area of the Docklands regenerated from 1981
8.5 square miles
How much money was spent on regeneration of the Docklands
£300 million
How much private sector investment did the Docklands receive
£7.7 billion
What happened to unemployment in the London Docklands after its regeneration
Halved from 14% to 7%
How many trees were planted during the regeneration of the London Docklands
200,000
How much of the London Docklands regeneration was spent on council housing and what effect did this have on council housing availability?
£10 million, 64% decrease in affordable council housing
What sector change did the London Docklands see during redevelopment
Secondary Sector (Port) to Tertiary sector (Banking + Finance)
What lead to the decline of Hulme, Manchester
Deindustrialisation of the area lead to it becoming ridden with derelict buildings and overcrowded low density buildings, high unemployment and social issues
What was the Urban Regeneration Scheme used in Hulme, Manchester
City Challenge Scheme (1990s)
What were the positives and negatives of the redevelopment of Hulme, Manchester
Positives
- Large improvements to Built environment and living standards
- Job Creation, leading to a drop in crime rate
- More cost effective + efficient homes
Negatives
- Lack of private sector investment to other schemes
How much money was spent on the regeneration of Hulme
£37.5 million
How many permanent jobs were created in the Hulme, Manchester Regeneration
5000+
What Regeneration scheme was used to regenerate New East Manchester
New Deals for Communities (2000s)
What caused the decline of New East Manchester
Deindustrialisation during the 1970s and 1980s saw the area loose 60% of economic output, loss of 33,000 jobs and large scale dereliction of the area
Describe how the City Challenge urban redevelopment works
An Urban Redevelopment Scheme designed to revitalise inner city areas. This works by local authorities plan a redevelopment to bid for governmental funding
What Urban Regeneration Scheme was used in New East Manchester
New Deal for Communities
How does New deal for communities urban redevelopment scheme work
A bottom up scheme designed to regenerate some of Englands most deprived areas. Local partnerships are formed to ensure change is community led. These partnerships are tasked with the regeneration of an area.
How many new homes were built and renovated in New East Manchester
5000 Built, 6500 Renovated
How many schools were built during the regeneration of New East Manchester
3
How many jobs were created with the New East Manchester redevelopment
6200
List Positives and Negatives of the New East Manchester redevelopment scheme
Positives-
- Job Creation
- Bringing industry and services to the area with 200,000m squared of commercial space created
- Increased quality housing and education facilities
Negatives-
- Certain areas remained in decline 5 years after redevelopment
- New sports facilities are unaffordable for locals so no health improvements
Define Deindustrialisation
The long term decline of a country’s manufacturing industry
List the main reasons for deindustrialisation
- Mechanisation and Automation of industry
- Foreign Competition
- Reduced demands for traditional produce
Include figures describing the change in employees in the UK working in the manufacturing sector from 1978 to 2015
Decrease from 6.7 million (1978) to 2.6 million (2015)
Define Decentralisation
The process by which the activities of an organisation particularly those regarding planning and decision making are moved away from the central authoritative location or group and given smaller factions within it
What Factors can lead to decentralisation
- Inner city areas lacking suitable expansion of existing manufacturing
- New investment is focused on the edge of the urban area
What notable businesses are based in Cambridge Science Park
Microsoft, Huawei, Frontier, Citrix
What makes Cambridge Science Park an attractive place for people to work
- Bike Storage + Free Parking
- 54 min from Kings Cross Station
- Bespoke buildings for companies with state of the art labs
- On site restaurants and conference rooms
Define urban Resurgence
The development of an area after a period of decline
Define Gentrification
The renewal of an area leading to an influx of affluent people investing into property in the area
Define Top Down regeneration
Regeneration where the decision to undertake projects or developments is made by a central authority such as government with little or no consultation with local people whom it will effect
Define Bottom Up Regeneration
When Local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their specific needs
Define Urban Form
The physical characteristics of built up areas including the shape, size, density and make up or configuration of settlements
Define Urban Morphology
The spatial structure and organisation of an urban area
List the physical factors effecting the formation of settlements
- Access to fresh water
- Fertility of land
- Predators/Dangerous creatures in the area
- Flat land
- Rock Type + Resources
- Seas/Riverw
- Floodplains
List the human factors effecting the formation of settlements
- Trade
- Government Policy
What is the main factor effecting land use
Land value
Define Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI)
Point of land in an urban area with the highest value. From that point land prices decline in line with the theory of distance decay
Define Bid Rent Theory
Theory that the location of urban land uses is determined by the willingness to pay high prices for central locations and reliance on accessibility
How have changes in urban form been effected by population, environment, economy, technology and policies
Population - Globalisation has brought increased flows of migration
Environment - Infrastructure such as sewer systems or water treatment need to keep up with population growth
Economy - Industry tends to locate in centres of population
Technology - Some industries will be pulled towards the hardware of wired networks
Policies - Planning determines where certain buildings can be built
How many new migrants enter Mumbai each day
1000
What percentage of Mumbai residents live in shanty towns
Over 50%
What city is the economic capital of India
Mumbai
Los Angles is made up of how many edge cities
88
What area of Los Angeles do TNCs tend to base themselves
Downtown Silicon Beach
What policy in Los Angeles helps reduce congestion
Carpool lanes
What physical factors limit Los Angeles
Mountain ranges to the north
What factors limit Londons growth
Green belt
How many retail units and flats were created in the mixed development of Exeter
60 retail units, 122 flats
What are mixed developments designed to do
- Provide a wider range of leisure facilities
- Promotion of street entertainment and developing nightlife
- Bring in new buildings to raise the status of the CBD
- Encouraging residential areas to return to city c
What case study is used for the cultural and heritage quarter
Birmingham
How old is Birmingham’s Jewellery Industry
250 years
Which city in the UK is home to Europes largest concentration of jewellery companies
Birmingham
What is a Fortress Landscape
City developments that integrate greater security into the design of the buildings/landscape
What is the case study for a Fortress Landscape
Meadowell Estate
List things done at Meadowell Estate to make it a Fortress Landscape
- Creating boundaries to border space
- Changed the layout of roads into col-der-sacs
- Ensured more police officers are in the area
- Increased CCTV surveillance
What is the case study for gentrified area
Portland Road, Notting Hill, London
What is the segregation between peoples living on Portland Road
Residents are segregated between the upper class south (£3.5 million average house value) to North (£340,000 average house value)
What were the Negatives of gentrification on Portland Road
- People on low incomes cannot afford higher property prices/rents
- Higher car ownership may increase congestion
- Potential loss of traditional business
- Social Polarisation between groups
What were the benefits of Gentrification on Portland Road
- Increasing range of services
- Increased local tax income
- Physical environment of area improved
- Greater employment opportunities created
Define what a post modern city is
A city characterised by a return to flowing lines in the city scape with peaked, triangular and multi levelled roofs. There is more emphasis is on ornamentation, rather than the modernist architecture of the 1970s which was characterised by shaped edges + geometry.
What was the population of Mumbai in 2020
In excess 25 million
Why are shanty town’s developed in Mumbai
Large scale migration into the city causes a lack of housing forcing the development of informal settlements
What is the trend of land value in Mumbai
Price tends to increase as you travel West and South
What area has the largest land value of all of Mumbai
22,000-60,000 Rupees her square foot in Cuffe Parade
What percentage of India’s GDP is made up of Mumbais Job opportunities
6%
What is the land occupied by 1000 people in Mumbai
0.03 acres
What is the mass of waste produced by Mumbai daily
11,000 tonnes
What is the cost of the project to build over dharavi
$2 billion
How many new lines are being constructed in Mumbais transport system
2 lines
What is the cost of the planned metro line in Mumbai
500 million
