Changing Places Flashcards
1
Q
What is the descriptive approach to place?
A
The idea that the world is a set of places and each place can be studied and is distinct
This approach emphasizes the uniqueness of each location.
2
Q
What does the social constructionist approach to place entail?
A
It sees place as a product of a particular set of social processes occurring at a particular time.
This approach highlights the influence of social dynamics on the concept of place.
3
Q
What is the focus of the phenomenological approach to place?
A
It is interested in how an individual person experiences place, emphasizing the personal connection between place and person.
This approach recognizes the importance of human perception and experience in understanding places.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ approach sees place as a product of social processes.
A
[social constructionist]
5
Q
True or False: The descriptive approach considers places to be indistinct and interchangeable.
A
False
6
Q
What key aspect does the phenomenological approach emphasize?
A
The highly personalized connection between place and person.
This highlights how individual experiences shape one’s understanding of place.
7
Q
What is the definition of location?
A
Where a place is, for example, the co-ordinates on a map.
Location is a spatial concept often represented in terms of latitude and longitude.
8
Q
How does locale differ from location?
A
Locale takes into account the effect people have on their setting.
Locale is shaped by the people, cultures, and customs within it.
9
Q
What does the term ‘sense of place’ refer to?
A
The subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place.
This attachment may vary significantly from one person’s perspective to another.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Locale is shaped by the _______.
A
[people, cultures, and customs]
11
Q
True or False: Location is influenced by cultural factors.
A
False
Location is primarily a spatial concept, while locale incorporates cultural influences.
12
Q
What is a central part of our identity related to place?
A
Our sense of place
13
Q
The sense of place can vary in scale from _______ to nation/continent.
A
[own home village/town/city]
14
Q
What are some factors that can make people feel like outsiders in a place?
A
- Beliefs
- Climate
- Architecture
- Hobbies
- Culture
- Memories
- Wealth of area
- Language
- Accents
15
Q
What are the two potential meanings of ‘near’ and ‘far’ in relation to place?
A
- Geographical distance between places
- Emotional connection with a particular place
16
Q
True or False: Geographically near places automatically foster identities of familiarity and belonging.
A
False
17
Q
In today’s globalized culture, travel and media can make far-off places feel _______.
A
[not automatically strange, uncomfortable or different]
18
Q
What factors might contribute to a strong sense of place?
A
- Personal experiences
- Cultural ties
- Historical significance
19
Q
What does a strong sense of place contribute to an individual’s identity?
A
It can be a central part of our identity
20
Q
Define what an Experienced Place is
A
A place that a person has personally experienced and spent time in
21
Q
Define what a media place is
A
A place that someone has experienced through media (e.g. TV, Social media or Music)
22
Q
Define what a clone town is
A
A town dominated by chain based stores rather than independent shops
23
Q
Define Glocalisation
A
The adaptation of a global product to suit a local group of people
24
Q
What was the Bristol Pound?
A
A currency trialled in Bristol that was only able to be used in Bristol to encourage people to spend locally rather than in chain stores
25
What are Endogenous factors to a place
- Location
- Topography
- Physical Geography
- Land Use
- Built Environment
- Infrastructure
- Demographic
- Economy
26
Define what Endogenous factors are
Factors that contribute to a places internal characteristics from within that place
27
Define what Exogenous factors are
Factors that are external influences on a place’s identity. They are caused by a place’s relationship with other places
28
What are some examples of Exogenous factors
- Flows of People
- Flows of Capital
- Resources
- Ideas
29
Explain the concept of “Placelessness”
Due to globalisation and time space compression, some places appear to be the same in visual terms at various points around the world. Shopping centres, fast food chains, airports and service stations look similar wherever you go. This is called placelessness.
30
True or false: the rise in clone towns has led to a rising feeling of placelessness
True
31
What event transformed perceptions of Liverpool in 2008?
European Capital of Culture 2008
## Footnote
This event marked a significant change in how Liverpool was viewed, both locally and internationally.
32
What was Liverpool's historic stereotypical image associated with?
Social deprivation
## Footnote
This image was prevalent before the European Capital of Culture award.
33
What did researchers from the University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University find regarding media coverage of Liverpool?
Coverage more than doubled since the award announcement in 2003
## Footnote
This increase in media coverage was significant for the city's cultural offerings.
34
What percentage of Liverpool residents agreed that the city was a better place to live by the end of 2008?
85%
## Footnote
This indicates a positive shift in local sentiment following the European Capital of Culture designation.
35
What percentage of visitors liked the atmosphere and welcoming feel of Liverpool?
99%
## Footnote
This response was notably higher than that of other UK tourist destinations.
36
Who is Dr. Beatriz Garcia?
Director of Impacts at the University of Liverpool
## Footnote
She led research on the effects of the European Capital of Culture designation.
37
What did Dr. Beatriz Garcia say about the general opinion of Liverpool?
It was informed by very 'dated' images of the city
## Footnote
These images ranged from the Beatles in the 1960s to negative views of the 1980s.
38
What did the European Capital of Culture award present about Liverpool?
A richer picture of Liverpool as a contemporary, multi-faceted city
## Footnote
This included a vibrant cultural life beyond just football and music.
39
Fill in the blank: The combined local and national media coverage of Liverpool's cultural offering more than ______ since the award was announced in 2003.
doubled
## Footnote
This reflects the increased interest in the city's culture.
40
True or False: By 2008, negative stories about Liverpool dominated media coverage.
False
## Footnote
Positive stories about the city's cultural assets dominated for the first time in decades.
41
What historic associations did the general opinion of Liverpool include?
Positive associations with the Beatles and negative views of social deprivation
## Footnote
These associations were prevalent before the European Capital of Culture initiative.
42
How does the Song “New York, New York” by Frank Sinatra create an image of the city
The song describes New York as a hub of both opportunity, wealth and community. “I want to be a part of it” describes the desire to join the community.
43
Define what an Agent of Change/Placemaker is
These are the people who impact on a place whether through living, working or trying to improve the place.
44
Define what a Stakeholder is in the context of Changing Places
People/groups who are involved in the regeneration of an area
45
What is the Changing Places case study for Heritage Tourism to shape public view of a place
ALICE LTD in Llandudno
46
Why was the Llandudno Rebranding required?
To increase number of tourists to the area as well as the money that they spend in Llandudno. This was a direct project to increase the revenue of businesses in Llandudno.
47
Who were the Agents of Change in Llandudno
- Cowny County Council
- Llandudno Town Council
- EU
- ALICE LTD
- Visit Wales
48
What things have been done in Llandudno to attract more tourists to the area?
- Construction of several wooden statues
- Digital family tour (Founded by ALICE LTD)
- Bronze cast rabbit footprints
49
What were the positives of the Llandudno rebranding
- Opening of the “Looking Glass” ice cream parlour
- Local and National awareness of the area increased
- Profits were reinvested into the community so the local economy was boosted
- Significant in education of the history of the area
50
What is the use of place marketing in rebranding a place
Advertising to draw people into a certain part of the area
51
Define Agents of Change/Placemakers
These are people who impact on a place whether through living, working or trying to improve the place
52
Who are stakeholders of a place
People or groups involved in the regeneration of a place
53
What was Stratford originally known for?
Farming area providing agricultural goods, best known for potato production
## Footnote
Stratford remained fairly rural for many centuries.
54
When did Stratford start moving from farming to industrial manufacturing?
Mid-1700s
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of industrialisation in the area.
55
What was one of the best-known companies in Stratford during its industrial phase?
Bow porcelain factory
## Footnote
Considered one of the first factories in the country to produce soft-paste porcelain.
56
By the 19th century, what was Stratford known for in terms of transport?
Significant transport hub with its own dock and wharves
## Footnote
This was due to its position between London and the east of the country.
57
In what year did Stratford get its own railway station?
1839
## Footnote
This development contributed to the area's industrial growth.
58
How many people worked at the railway in Stratford in the mid-1800s?
Approximately 2,500
## Footnote
The railway became a significant local employer.
59
What was built to accommodate railway workers in Stratford?
A new town
## Footnote
This was due to the increased housing demand from workers.
60
By the 1860s, what was the estimated population of Stratford?
Over 20,000
## Footnote
This reflected the area’s growth and industrialisation.
61
What significant economic change did Stratford experience in the 20th century?
Deindustrialisation
## Footnote
This was compounded by the closing of the London Docks in the 1960s.
62
When did the railway works in Stratford close down?
1990s
## Footnote
This contributed to high unemployment rates in the area.
63
What major event in 2005 kick-started redevelopment in Stratford?
London won the Olympic bid
## Footnote
This led to significant changes in the area over the next two decades.
64
When did the Westfield centre open in Stratford?
2011
## Footnote
The centre was planned prior to the Olympic bid.
65
What year did the London Olympics take place?
2012
## Footnote
This event was a key part of Stratford's redevelopment.
66
How many new homes where built for London residents as a result of the construction of the Athletes Village in Stratford (2012)
2800
67
How much investment (Both Public and Private) did the Stratford Regeneration programme bring
£12 billion
68
What large shopping centre was built during the Stratford regeneration project
Westfield
69
How many jobs did the Westfield shopping centre in Stratford create?
10,000
70
What were some criticisms of the Westfield shopping centre construction in Stratford
The shopping centre only provides mostly low paid part time jobs, so doesn’t allow for residents to find higher paying work
71
How many new homes were built in the Stratford regeneration
8000
72
73
Why was East London selected for the Olympic Park?
To regenerate a neglected area with a poor population.
74
What was the intended housing legacy of the 2012 Olympics?
To provide affordable housing for people in the Stratford area.
75
What impacted the focus of the London Legacy Development Corporation?
Spiralling costs of the Olympics led to a focus on debt repayment.
76
How did the targets for affordable housing change from 2010 to 2011?
Revised down from 35%-40% to a minimum of 20% and maximum of 35%.
77
What has been the effect on property prices in Stratford?
A huge increase in property prices and rents, higher than local affordability.
78
What was the median household income in Newham in 2015?
Just under £29k.
79
What minimum household income was required for a two-bedroom unit?
£48k.
80
What is the complaint regarding available properties?
They are primarily for private rent with very little earmarked for social housing.
81
What percentage of units in Stratford Plaza were sold to overseas buyers?
75% of nearly 200 units.
82
What slogan has the council used regarding Newham?
'Newham: A place people will want to Live, Work and Play'.
83
What do many locals feel about living in Newham now?
They feel they can no longer afford to live, work, and play in the area.
84
What is the general age demographic of people living in Stratford
Very young population with the area seeing 2 times the London average of population between 25-29
85
How has ethnic diversity of Stratford changed from 2011 to 2021
Overall increase
86
What was the main changes in ethnic background in Stratford between 2011 and 2021
- Reduction in white British citizens by 7.8%
- Increase in Asian Indian population by 6.8%
87
What was the example of the council estate impacted by the Stratford Regeneration
The Carpenters Estate
88
What proportion of people living in the carpenters estate are living below the London Living wage (£9.40)
Over One Third
89
Why is the regeneration of the carpenters estate a difficult balancing act
The area offers a golden opportunity for property developers due to its attractive and accessible location. To maximise their profits, developers may not be so inclined to build affordable homes. This has led to concerns around meeting affordable housing targets.
90
What percentage of residents in the carpenters estate have been rehoused from the tower blocks to other areas of the E15
70%
91
What University is planning to build a campus on the Carpenters Estate
University College London UCL
92
What was the general feeling among residents of the Carpenters Estate of the UCL development plans
General anger, disappointment and frustration
93
Why do some consider the UCL development plan on the carpenters estate as a form of social cleansing
By developing over affordable housing to build more expensive housing and university halls. This means there will no longer be affordable housing so the poorer socioeconomic group will be forced out of the area.
94
How many people in Stratford are on a waiting list for housing
16,000
95
What has happened to the number of council houses in Stratford over the last 20 years compared to its change in population
Council houses have fallen by one third, whereas population has risen by 1 million
96
What proportion of investment into the carpenters estate regeneration where made by overseas investors
2 out of 3
97
What are the endogenous factors of Stratford’s regeneration
Locals, E15 Mothers, Olympic Park, Local Businesses, Local Council, Mayor of London, Shopping Centre, New transport infrastructure
98
What are the exogenous factors of Stratford’s regeneration
Tourists, Foreign Investors (e.g. Westfield), National Government, Taxpayers, Developers
99
What sports facilities are now accessible to residents of Stratford thanks to the Olympic Project
Olympic Park, Aquatics Centre, Velodrome
100
Define Dereliction
The state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated
101
Define Deprivation
The damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society
102
Define Deindustrialisation
The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries. The decline can be charted either in terms of workforce numbers or output and production measures
103
What is the “Spiral of Decline”
The consequences of deindustrialisation on a region cause many to loose jobs, leading to dereliction of property, loss of workforce and thus a rise in crime due to lack of funding on key services
104
What economic activities brought wealth to Detroit in the nineteenth century?
Shipping and shipbuilding
## Footnote
These activities contributed to the establishment of Detroit as a transport hub.
105
What architectural examples demonstrate the economic rewards of Detroit during the Gilded Age?
Gilded Age mansions
## Footnote
These mansions were built to the east and west of Detroit's downtown area.
106
In which century did Detroit's population and land area expansion significantly accelerate?
Twentieth century
## Footnote
This expansion followed earlier growth in the nineteenth century.
107
Which companies are noted for manufacturing standardized consumer products in Detroit?
Ford and General Motors
## Footnote
These companies played a crucial role in the industrial growth of Detroit.
108
What innovative production process did Ford and General Motors utilize?
Assembly line
## Footnote
This process was later replicated worldwide.
109
What is the name of the region in the USA that includes Southern Michigan and is associated with steel production?
Steel Belt
## Footnote
This region was characterized by its connection between iron ore mines and coal resources.
110
What major geographical features helped connect iron ore mines with coal resources in the Steel Belt?
Waterways and canals, roads, and railroads
## Footnote
These infrastructures were essential for transporting resources.
111
What term describes the area that emerged in the late twentieth century due to economic decline?
Rust Belt
## Footnote
This term reflects the decline of manufacturing industries in the region.
112
What was the 'Great Migration'?
The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural southern states to the urban north-east and Midwest for new jobs in the automotive industry
113
What factors drove the Great Migration?
Racism experienced by African Americans in southern states and lack of economic opportunities apart from plantation labor
114
Which group had significant support in the southern states during the Great Migration?
The Ku Klux Klan
115
What was a major consequence of the Great Migration for African American workers?
They felt pushed out by the lack of economic opportunities
116
What demographic changes occurred in Detroit during the twentieth century?
An influx of African Americans alongside southern and eastern Europeans
117
What was the impact of the automotive industry on Detroit's population in the post-war period?
The total population of Detroit's wider metropolitan area grew as life became increasingly dependent upon the car
118
Fill in the blank: The Great Migration was partly driven by _______ experienced by African Americans.
racism
119
True or False: The authorities in the southern states favored the African American population during the Great Migration.
False
120
What does the term 'urban sprawl' refer to in the context of Detroit?
The expansion of urban areas as life became increasingly dependent on the car
121
What significant demographic changes did Detroit experience alongside the Great Migration?
Changes in the city's African American and white populations
122
What prompted drivers to buy vehicles with greater fuel economy from the 1970s onwards?
International oil crises
123
Which Asian competitors produced more desirable automotive models in the 1970s?
* Honda
* Datsun (Nissan)
* Toyota
124
What was the impact on Detroit's big employers due to competition from Asian car manufacturers?
Decline in sales and profits
125
How did Ford and General Motors respond to the economic challenges in the automotive industry?
* Cutting jobs
* Shutting down less efficient plants
126
What consequence did the rise in unemployment have on Detroit's city authorities?
Fall in taxes raised
127
What was the effect of falling tax revenues on public services in Detroit?
Less investment in public services
128
Fill in the blank: From the 1970s onwards, the economic tide was turning due to international oil _______.
crises
129
Describe the change in population from 1900 to the present in Detroit
Initially Detroit saw a sharp increase in population from 300,000 people in 1900 to 1.6 million people in 1950. This then fell rapidly to 700,000 by 2010.
130
What is the current status of Detroit's crime rate?
The murder rate is at a 40 year high.
131
What percentage of Detroit's street lights are out of order?
40 percent.
132
What proportion of Detroit's residents live in poverty?
A third of Detroit's 700,000 residents.
133
What percentage of Detroit's population is unemployed?
About a fifth.
134
By what percentage has Detroit's population fallen since its 1950s peak?
60 percent.
135
How many homes in Detroit are currently empty?
Almost 80,000 homes.
136
What portion of property owners in Detroit failed to pay their 2011 tax bills?
More than half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties.
137
What event in the 1960s contributed to the exodus from Detroit?
Race riots, particularly the July 1967 riots.
138
How many people were killed during the July 1967 riots?
43 people.
139
What was the impact of the collapse of the motoring industry on Detroit?
Mass layoffs as factories were automated or outsourced.
140
What major action did President Barack Obama take regarding General Motors in 2009?
He propped up the drowning General Motors.
141
How has General Motors performed since 2010?
GM has returned to being profitable.
142
What percentage of Detroit's city budget was going to debt repayment and obligations like pensions?
38 cents of every city dollar.
143
What was the projected percentage of Detroit's city budget going to debt repayment by 2017?
65 cents on the dollar.
144
What was the proposed pension plan cut for city-employed retirees?
Accept less than 10 percent of what they were owed.
145
What action was taken by Detroit's two pension funds recently?
They sued Detroit's state-appointed emergency manager.
146
What is the working condition of ambulances in Detroit?
Only a third of ambulances are in working order.
147
What is the average response time for police to arrive on crime scenes in Detroit?
58 minutes.
148
Fill in the blank: Anyone who can leave _______.
has done so.
149
Why did Detroit’s Automotive industry go into such decline
Factories were outsourced and automated by Asian competitors. They also produced more efficient engines that conserved fuel which was key during the 1970s global fuel crisis.
150
What was the effect of deindustrialisation on the people of Detroit
- Homes and communities left derelict
- Less tax payed has caused services such as police and fire service to be slow and unreliable, putting more at risk.
- Schools closing
- 1 in 3 unemployed
- 1 in 3 living in poverty
151
What was the area and number of houses abandoned in Detroit
40 square miles, 40,000 homes
152
What is the name of the Detroit urban farming project
Tilapia fish farm
153
What was the predicted cost of Mike Wasniak’s Tilapia fish farm
220 million dollars
154
Why was the Georgia street community garden key for Detroits regeneration
Due to the decline in population, supermarkets left the inner city, leaving residents without access to healthy and affordable food. These farms helped to counteract the lack of healthy food options.
155
True or false: The Georgia street community garden is a bottom up scheme
True
156
What is an issue with urban farming in Detroit
Technically this is illegal as farming within the city line is illegal.
157
What is the role of Earthworks in Detroit
To educate and provide seedlings to Detroit residents in order to make healthy food more accessible
158
How many tech companies were started in Detroit as a result of younger graduates
110 new companies started in Detroit in 3 years
159
What are some criticisms of Detroits urban resurgence
Many of the positive aspects of the regeneration project have minimal positive impact on residents that already live there, and only offer opportunities to highly educated qualified graduates rather than poorer less skilled residents already living in Detroit.
160
True or false: Socioeconomic divisions in Detroit are high
True
161
Which areas of Detroit are predominantly wealthy and white
Grosse Point and the north-west suburbs (Above 8 mile road)
162
Which areas of Detroit are predominantly poor and African American
The majority of the city centre below the 8 mile road
163
What road marks a point of social and economic division in Detroit
8 mile road
164
165
What song was written to describe sense of place in Detroit, what message does this convey?
8 mile by Eminem shows Detroit to be a place of little opportunity and constant division and segregation
166
What are endogenous factors of Godalming
Godalming town council, residents, buildings
167
What is the exogenous factor that brought European immigrants into Godalming
World War ll
168
What nations where the immigrants into Godalming from (as a result of WW2)
Poland, Italy, Germany and Spain
169
What key buildings played a role in forming a Godalming community
Ockford social club & a youth centre
170
What 2 engineering companies in Godalming brought in flows of labour
Weyburn Engineering and Weymouth Gages
171
What major road brought immigration into Godalming
A3 brought immigration from the north of England and Wales
172
What job vacancies did Italians in Godalming tend to fill
Farm Labourers and Hospital Workers
