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y12 a level geography- moss > Contemporary Urban Environments > Flashcards

Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Define economic inequality?

A

The difference between levels of income and living standards.
HIC’s- most wealthy live on outskirts, and inner city is where poverty is.
LIC’S- follow a different spatial pattern, more severe poverty on outskirts and affluent in middle= slum development and social issues arise eg: Commando a well- known drug trafficking gang in Rio de Janeiro.

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2
Q

Define social segregation?

A

When groups of the same population live apart due to wealth, race, ethnicity, age.

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3
Q

Issues of social segregation?

A
  • leads to the formation of prejudices and RACISM
  • individuals may feel isolated if they are not within demographic majority of their area.
  • limited housing options and employment for migrants
  • decreases SOCIAL MOBILITY of poorer individuals
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4
Q

Case Study for Social Segregation?

A

Shadsworth Estate in Blackburn, Lancashire.

Seen in BBC Panorama Documentary “Trouble on the Estate”

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5
Q

Strategies to combat urban problems?

A
  • City specific minimum wage- London’s and New York pay higher wages to help increased costs of living in these areas, BUT 40% of developing countries don’t have a minimum wage.
  • Fair rent prices
  • Promoting multiculturalism eg: Notting Hill Carnival
  • Provision of schools= break cycle of poverty
  • Increased public transport= social mobility
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6
Q

Define cultural diversity?

A

The existence of a variety of ethnic/ cultural groups within a society?

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7
Q

Why are there high amounts of cultural diversity in cities?

A
  1. First major point of entry for migrants
  2. Better opportunities, jobs, wage.
  3. Normally already established cultural diversity
  4. Cities are more welcoming and tolerant

Many countries have developed a multicultural policy but this can lead to social segregation eg: creation of American term “ghetto”=almost exclusively ethnic minority.

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8
Q

Bad CASE STUDY of Multiculturalism?

A

Manchester 2001 Oldham riots between White and South Asian communities.
- Broke out after a gang destroyed the “Live and Let Live” pub with stones and petrol bombs .

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9
Q

Cultural Diversity CASE STUDY?

A

Brick Lane- Borough of Tower Hamlets
“Banglatown”
-Early 1970’s immigrants from Bangladeshi population began to settle. 50,000 living there.
-Old Truman Brewery is a centric piece in a diverse community.
Spitalfields and Banglatown - 27% White British
England- 81% White British
+cultural infrastructure and cuisine
-racial tensions eg: Altab Ali- allegedly murdered by National Front due to ghettoization of Banglatown

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10
Q

What do urban areas create?

A

Their own micro- climates, with a lower canopy layer and an exterior boundary layer.

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11
Q

What combines to create photochemical smog?

A

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’S) + Nitrous oxides (incomplete combustion in care engines) + Ultraviolet Sunlight Rays.
More common in, hot sunny climates due to more sun light eg: Los Angeles

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12
Q

What are particulates and where do they come from?

A

Tiny particles of solids and liquids floating in the air

  • Vehicle exhausts- very fine- 80% of fine particulates in urban areas are from vehicle exhausts.
  • Construction, mining and quarrying- tiny fragments of rock, dust.
  • Burning of cigarettes and fuel- nitrates, soot and ash.
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13
Q

Define Urban Heat Island Effect

A

When an urban areas has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.
The highest temps (temp peaks) are in the CBD
The lowest temps (temp sinks) are over parks and bodies of water.
If the same land use takes place = (temp plateau)
If there is a sudden change in land use =( temp cliff)

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14
Q

Urban Heat Island Effect? 4 REASONS

A
  1. Low Albedo of urban surfaces- tarmac and concrete absorb and store heat from sun in day and release during the night.
  2. AIR POLLUTION- photochemical and particulate, creates a POLLUTION DOME, trapping out going heat radiation
  3. HUMAN ACTIVITY- factories, cars, air conditioning
  4. DECREASED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION- little/no vegetation means no transpiration and SUDS mean no evaporation= hotter temps.
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15
Q

What causes variations in the UHI?

A

DAY/NIGHT? In day 0.6oc difference but in day 3-4oc difference as during the night rural areas cool down, whereas urban areas release absorbed heat.

SEASONAL? In summer there is increased amounts of solar radiation= hotter

ANTICYCLONE? Clear Skies= more solar radiation reaches and heats the ground.
Low wind= hot air isn’t moved/ blown away

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16
Q

How do urban areas affect wind?

A
  • Decrease of wind speeds in urban areas as tall buildings create friction.
  • “Turbulence” is created when wind hits the face of a building and is deflected.
  • When wind is channelled down streets= CANYON EFFECT- can effect building developments.
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17
Q

How to urban areas affect rain, fog and thunderstorms?

A

INCREASED

  • The UHI effect warms air which means it can hold more water.= convectional uplift.
  • Pollution and particulates released in urban areas form CONDESNSATION NUCLEI that water vapour condense around= cloud formation.
18
Q

What is convectional uplift?

A

The upwards movement of warm, moist air.

19
Q

UHI effect CASE STUDY?

A

London

  • Temps in CBD at 10oc, contrast to urban fringe at 5oc
  • Temp sink a long the River Thames

Strategies? Urban Greening, Green Roofs, Cool Surfaces (high albedo) Cool Cars (high albedo, tinted windows).

20
Q

What year was The Great Smog in London?

What/ when was legislation put into place?

A

The Great Smog of London was in 1952
The worst of London’s infamous winter fogs.
-12,000 died in 4 days-

=CLEAN AIR ACT of 1956 - smoke control areas, tall chimneys from Industrial pollution to disperse it higher in the atmosphere and affect people less

21
Q

What are five methods that can be used to improve urban air quality?

A
  1. Congestion charge- eg: London’s -1bn back into tourism, but roadworks and increased congestion on edges of zones.
  2. Pedestrianisation- zones where only travel mode is by foot reduces congestion but can lead to shops having fewer customers.
  3. Public Transport Improvements eg: Metro link in Manchester, PARK AND RIDE
  4. Legislation- Clean Air Act of 1956
  5. Alternative fuels- Electric Vehicles, lower emissions but need charging points and battery production and disposal can be problematic.
    BIOFUELS- eg: biodiesel is produced from plants, replace diesel and has less particulate emissions BUT crops to grow decrease biodiversity.
22
Q

What did London also do do combat Air Pollution?

A

Introduce The City Of London Air Quality Strategy
Levels of pollutants are too high in London.
“Square Mile” has been designated as an Air Quality Management area.
AIM: over 90% of Square Mile meets the targets for nitrogen oxide by 2050.
The major of London gave 1 million to pilot a range of strategies. EG:
-30 electric vehicle charging points
-Provision and promotion of cargo bikes

23
Q

What is Urban Drainage Like and what two things does it cause?

A

Impermeable surfaces and high drainage means little infiltration + precipitation is higher in urban areas+ high surface run-off = SHORT LAG TIME, HIGH PEAK DISCAHARGE AND a fast return to BASE FLOW.

24
Q

SUDS?

A

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems
eg: CASE STUDY= Lambdrove, Cambourne
10% cheaper than natural/ usual installation.

25
Q

What are the two main purposes of SUDS?

A
  1. Hold and Slow surface runoff from developments

2. Allow natural processes to break down pollutants

26
Q

Name and Evaluate SUDS methods?

A

—–Vegetated Trenches (SWALES)- increase interception, decreasing pollutants entering watercourses.
Decrease run-off and channel flow
—–Bio-retention areas- store water and decrease lag time, require management, not on steep gradient.
—–Detention ponds- storage of water, can be used as part of gentrification project, regular management
—–Green/ Vegetated roofs- increase interception and evapotranspiration but cost more than conventional roof
—–Pervious Surfaces- allows water to infiltrate through permeable surfaces- reduced peak flow, no additional space, long term sediment clogging and weed growth= maintenance.

27
Q

Overall positives of SUDS?

A

Create green spaces, recharge groundwater stores, filter pollutants, valuable habitats, slows down surface water runoff and reduces risk of flooding.

28
Q

What are the two types of ways river catchment management and drainage management can take place?

A

HARD

SOFT

29
Q

Hard Drainage Management?

A

Dams, reservoirs, River Straightening and Embankments
But can influence natural processes eg: dams can trap silt depriving downstream areas and straightening of meanders can accelerate flooding downstream.

30
Q

Soft Drainage Management?

A

Floodplain zoning, Afforestation, River restoration
But floodplain zoning can limit the construction of new homes and businesses and Land Use Management is hard in already urbanised areas.

31
Q

Urban Drainage Management: CASE STUDY?

A

Lamb Drove, Cambourne, West of Cambridge- 35 homes development
-European Funded project called FLOWS - 40 projects
-Rain gardens
-Permeable paving
-Detention basins and wetlands
=all collected water goes to lamb drove retention basin that sends water to drainage ditch beyond site.
A proven success, costs 10% lower overall and biodiversity has increased by 15%.

32
Q

Flooding and Drainage Management in London?

A

London is on a floodplain, the River Thames and UHI
Floodplains can’t flood naturally due to SUDS= The THAMES TIDAL BARRIER- 20 metres high and holds back 19,000 tonnes of water.

33
Q

River Restoration definition?

A

A process concerned with restoring a river back to it’s original form in support of flood management and biodiversity.
Large rivers can be restored even in CBD’s.

34
Q

River Restoration in Urban Areas: CASE STUDY?

A

The Cheonggyecheon River Restoration
Started in 2003 and was hoped it would combat UHI, microclimates, and sustainability- also reinforce cultural heritage of the area.

2003 - ambitious 280 MILLION SCHEME to restore 9.8km river.

35
Q

What are the three main types of waste ?

A
  1. Industrial- manufacturing processes- can be toxic and corrosive
  2. Commercial- any waste produced by businesses -food, paper, cardboard
  3. Personal- any waste created by PRIVATE HOMES such as plastic, food packaging.
36
Q

Define MSW?

A

Municipal Solid Waste- the general, everyday disposal from urban areas, can lead to problems within landfill.

37
Q

Define Waste Stream?

A

The complete flow of waste from its origin to disposal.

38
Q

What three factors affect the waste stream?

A
  1. Economic characteristics- wealth= increased consumerism, developed countries (2.1 kg pp) versus developing (0.6 kg pp).
  2. Lifestyles- urban dwellers create more waste than rural residents
  3. Attitudes- “throw away cultures” and freegans.
39
Q

Managing Urban Waste- Landfill?

A

Disposed of in old quarries, mines or landfill sites. Usually lined with clay or plastic to attempt to prevent leaching but in LIC’s BAD MONITERING
+ methane can be vented and used as fuel in HIC’s
+can be top soiled and made into recreational space when at max capacity
- methane= gg, leaching of chemicals into groundwater stores, lack of SPACE

40
Q

Managing Urban Waste- Incineration?

CASE STUDY?

A

Waste is burnt, reduced amount going to landfill but emits greenhouse gases and produces air pollution. The generation of electricity is called “energy recovery”
+reduces toxicity of waste, less land needed than landfill
-particulate emissions, EXPENSIVE

eg: Waste (EfW) Lincoln
125 MILLION Energy from Waste facilities
Enough to power 15,000 homes per year.

41
Q

Managing Urban Waste- Recycling?

A

Waste is reprocessed into new products

  1. Less Raw Materials
  2. Less energy than from scratch= less gg.
  3. Decreases Landfill

Recycling requires separate collections at expensive facilities, many LIC’s don’t have them.
Require management to avoid hazardous leakages eg: battery acid

y12 a level geography- moss (5 decks)

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