Changing Urban Places Flashcards
Define urbanisation?
An increase in the PORTION of people living in built environments such as towns and cities
Why are urban areas important?
- The centre of a countries economic activity
- Houses the governments institutions eg: houses of parliament, London
- Good transport links
- Higher levels of healthcare and education
Define urban growth?
An increase in the number of urban dwellers within an area
What are the three main causes of urban growth?
- Natural increase
- Industrialisation
- Rural to Urban migration
What is natural increase?
The birth rate is higher than the death rate.
Young adults that desire to move into the suburbs for a better quality of life but cannot afford increased prices.
What is industrialisation?
Usually a pull factor.
Many people are drawn to industrialised areas at the prospect of having a service/ industry job- higher wages, better conditions.
What is rural to urban migration?
The movement of individuals from rural areas to urban areas.
China has experienced a high rate of this, due to push and pull factors that can lead to “a bad quality of life and movement. “
PUSH: desertification, conflict/civil war, natural disaster, inadequate education and medical care
PULL: Employment, better quality of life, better wages, join family members.
Rural to Urban Migration CASE STUDY: China.
How does the passport system work?
China’s internal passport system “Hukou” classifies every household as rural or urban and allows rights to education, healthcare ect.
-If a person changed their classification they essentially forfeit their rights. =”floating population”
Rural to Urban Migration CASE STUDY: China.
Reasons for migration?
- Labour surplus in rural China- the system has been so effective that a surplus of workers has built up rurally so workers look to larger cities.
- Extreme poverty- Around 362million Chinese live on less than two dollars a day.
- Dated cultures- lack of clean water and traditional agricultural practices become dated and younger generations loose interest.
Rural to Urban Migration CASE STUDY: China.
How bad is the problem-figures?
250 MILLION Chinese live in urban poverty but go unaccounted for as they’re registered as rural.
BUT charities such as “Project Partner” exist to support.
Define world city
Mega city= 10 million people
An urban city that is heavily involved in global trade by being a centre for finance, trade, politics and culture.
What is the first World City case study and where is it located/ key parts?
NEW YORK
North-eastern parts of the USA, bordering with the Atlantic Ocean to its east and Canada to the south.
Wall street and UN headquarters on Manhattan.
Reasons for and flows of migration?
Dutch, Swedes and Germans wanting to claim migrant hierarchy The potato famine in Ireland Decrease in yields of crops in Italy Creation of large Jewish communities CHINESE AND AFRO-CARRIBEAN ALSO
Define assimilation?
The complete integration of a MINORITY individual into a DOMINANT culture. “melting pot”
eg: Italian-American hybrid community through the high demand for Italian cuisine, yet the need for Italian migrants to speak English
Define diaspora?
Immigrants from similar ethnic backgrounds create new communities that hold the same attributes as their place of origin eg: religious temples, restaurants.
Issues within New York?
WALLED COMMUNITES eg: racial tensions between Italian and Afro-Caribbean’s in the 1950’s- 70s lead to isolated communities and many migrants unable to speak the host language.
What is the second World City case study and where is it located/ key parts? (NY CONTRAST)
SHANGHAI
Located on the East coast of China, south of China’s capital city Beijing.
Reasons for economic success in Shanghai?
MIGRATION: 100,000 graduates annually to build skilled workforce, increasing oversees graduates.
POLITICAL DECISIONS: 1984- Chinese government made Shanghai one of fourteen “open cites”. Economic and technological zones= huge inward investment.
Aim to implement more along the Yangtze river to open economic zones.
What year did the Chinese government make Shanghai one of fourteen “open cities”?
1984
Define suburbanisation?
Ribbon developments?
An increased portion of people, services and industries moving from urban areas to the edges of cites.
1930’s= ribbon developments along main transport routes due to fewer planning restrictions.
1940’s= caused worries= green belt creations
Reasons for suburbanisation?
Effects of suburbanisation?
Increased car ownership
Increased crime and deprivation in centres
WEALTH=MOBILITY
Increased greenfield sites in rural areas.
Introduction of green belts- ribbon development
Further decline in inner city areas
Possible segregation of class/ ethnic groups (mainly only white, middle class)
Rural congestion and pollution
What did the 2011 census regarding the population of outer London find?
The outer population is approaching 5 million, half a million more than in 2001.
Economic issues within London’s suburbs?
Due to urban resurgence some industries move back into the centre eg: new O2 office blocks, leaving brownfield sites in suburbs
MANAGEMENT: Mayor hopes “green economy” may be the way forward for suburban industries eg: LOW CARBON BUSINESS PARKS.
Social issues within London’s suburbs?
HOUSING- deprived areas and unaffordable housing
PUBLIC TRANSPORT- inadequate and therefore 2/3 of all journeys to work are in cars= congestion
MANAGEMENT- increase transport investment and secure bike storage units at Surbiton Station.
Environmental Issues within London’s suburbs?
CARBON EMMISIONS
INCREASED ENERGY CONSUMPTION
DECREASED GREEN SPACES
MANAGEMENT- urban fringe, green belts, sustainable and more effective energy schemes eg: double glazed windows.
What are the three contemporary urban processes?
- Rural to Urban migration (urbanisation)
- Suburbaisation (from centre to edges)
- Counterurbanisation (from urban to fully rural)
- Urban resurgence and re-industrialisation (back to city centre)
Define counter-urbanisation?
The movement from urban suburbs to detached rural areas.
Takes place as urbanisation and suburbanisation reach their highest levels, increased noise/ air pollution, higher urban crime rates and RISING HOUSE PRICES IN SUBURBS.
Evaluate counter-urbanisation?
+traditional, smaller services and schools remain open
+agriculture industries make money by selling land to developers
+smaller services see increase in business as greater disposable income of people (retired or affluent)
- loss of “sense of place” as house
- rural roads may struggle to cope with traffic
- spread of rural- urban fringe
Counter-urbanisation CASE STUDY:
St Ives, Cambridgeshire
How many commute each day in Cambridgeshire?
12 miles N-W of Cambridge and 65 miles N of London.
1/4 of the population commute to London via the A14 each day.
Counter-urbanisation CASE STUDY:
St Ives, Cambridgeshire
Impacts?
(What has the average house price risen to/from)
1000 homes built on the floodplains of the Great Ouse river.
A14 traffic has increased rapidly.
£130,000—– £290,000
Counter-urbanisation CASE STUDY:
St Ives, Cambridgeshire
Management?
8.8 million pound defences along the Great Ouse
116 million busway along A14 to help with congestion
Expansion of school to cope with 240+ new pupils.
Define urban resurgence and the three main ways this takes place?
The regeneration of an urban area that has suffered from a period of decline.
- Gentrification
- State led regeneration schemes
- Sustainable communities/ community consultation.
Urban resurgence CASE STUDY:
Notting Hill, London
One of the most wealthy streets in London.
ON “157 Portland Road” house values increased from 20,000 to 2 million.
Define urban morphology?
The spatial structure and organisation of an urban area and the formations and transformations that take place within it.
What is the traditional, main way of determining land use?
The land values of areas.
Traditionally higher land values in the city centre where accessibility is greatest.
What is the name for an area of land with the highest value and commerce?
Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI)
Usually found within the CBD due to the many transport routes
What theory describes a decreasing land value the further you get away from the CBD and PLVI?
The BID RENT THEORY and
The theory of Distance Decay
Define CBD?
The COMMERCIAL CENTRE of an urban area that contains the main shops, industries and trade.
Problems that disrupt urban morphology?
- Online shopping on the internet
- Large, out of town shopping centres
- Suburbanisation
Fight Against CBD Decline CASE STUDY?
Swindon, town in Wiltshire, S-W of England.
Between Bristol to the W and Reading to the E.
CASE STUDY: What took place in the Swindon, Regent Place development?
200 million in investment
800 new car parking spaces
300 new city style apartments
CASE STUDY: What was installed at Swindon, Warf Green
“Big Screen Swindon”
It went live in 2008 and the arena can hold 2,000
CASE STUDY: Describe three ways that the Canal Walk has been improved?
- The “Stacked wall water feature” breaks urban highstreets and allows art to be showcased.
- The “living green walls =”in Swindon increase green spaces.
- LED strip lighting fitted to seating areas gives the walk a modern feel.
Define deindustrialisation?
PRIMARY —— QUATERNATY
A reduction in the activity within an urban region or economy.
Name the three major reasons for deindustrialisation?
- Globalisation (competition from abroad particularly in rapidly growing countries such as China)
- Reduced demand for traditional products through movement into the quaternity sector.
- Mechanisation- cheaper to use machinery rather than people.
Impacts of Deindustrialisation?
-Loss of jobs, loss of income, derelict land and buildings, increased crime and poverty
+less noise pollution, less carbon emissions
What is the overall impact of deindustrialisation and what is the trend like in the UK within the primary (manufacturing) sector?
All make the likelihood of urban resurgence and gentrification decrease and the industry is likely to NOT BECOME ECONOMICALY VIABLE AGAIN.
“there has been an increase in 4,500 jobs in the service sector in just over 10 years”
Define Urban Regeneration Policy?
Relates to the strategies chosen by local small scale (QUANGO) governments or central government.
Who ran the first Period of Regeneration policies and from when?
The strategies took place from 1981-1986 under Margret Thatcher. TOP DOWN
- URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS- regenerate brownfield sites. eg: London Docklands established in 1981- criticised for lack of involvement of locals.
- ENTERPRISE ZONES- small areas of land with TAX incentives. eg: The Metro Centre Gaeshead, land bought for 100,000 pound.
What year was Margret Thatcher’s Big Bang?
1983
Who ran the Second Period of Regeneration policies and from when?
Also conservatives, John Major. PARTNERSHIPS
- European Regional Development Fund- funds from the EU to allow various projects to go ahead.
- SINGLE REGERNEARTION BUDGET/CC- competitive bidding for funds- a lot placed into sustainability. eg: Ouseburn Valley in Newcastle gained 2.4 million.
Who ran the Third Period of Regeneration policies and from when?
1997- 2011, Labour Government under Tony Blair.
Quasi- non governmental Organisations (QUANGO)- Decentralised power and increased focus on SUSTAINABLITY.
-REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
-English Partnerships (EP’s)- role in redevelopment
eg: active role in expanding Milton Keynes.
What was the general trend of retail within the UK?
1970's- supermarkets and superstores in residential areas. 1980's- retail parks expanded 1990's- out of town shopping centres 2000's- e- commerce = a DECENTRALISATION
Define the donut or polo effect?
A decentralisation of economic, social and retail activity that leaves a hole within the middle of the city.
Define fortress landscapes?
Designed to prioritise safety, security, surveillance and exclusion.
Due to an increased need to promote urban centres, developers have focused on making urban areas SAFER.
eg: gates, barriers, CCTV
What is a disadvantage of Fortress Landscapes?
BUT can lead to “walled” and “gated” communities.
Define Edge Cities?
Settlements on the edges of urban areas/ cities. eg: Los Angeles.
Caused by URBAN SPRAWL
Cheap land, transport links, security and green spaces.
Disadvantages of edge cities?
Increases urban sprawl on urban fringe
CBD deindustrialisation and decline
Define pre-modern city?
A urban form focused on simplicity and minimalism.
Define modern city?
A urban form focussed on progressing from modern forms.
Social control.
A homogenous society.
Define post modern city?
Expediential progress and expression within modern forms.
Social liberty.
A culturally diverse society.
Characteristics of a modern city?
Social needs over aesthetic needs.
Industrial economy focusing on mass production.
Functional architecture.
Characteristics of a post-modern city?
Aesthetic needs over social needs.
Service- sector based economy.
Architecture that is an expression of art rather than a function.
Las Vegas- POST MODERN Case Study
Location: Nevada USA
In the last 30 years the Las Vegas strip has undergone a “post- modern transformation”.
Architecture- over the top American Consumerism
Developments- fragmented nature eg: 10 billion US dollars spent on the four mile “strip” randomly and sporadically = fragmented nature.
Cultural Diversity: 46% white, 33% Hispanic or Latino.
