Contemporary Theories Of Motivation

Question 1

Which are the contemporary theories of motivation (7)

Answer 1

Self determination
Goal-setting
Self-efficacy
Reinforcement
Social learning
Expectancy
Equity (organizational justice)

Question 2

Contemporary theory that proposes that people prefer to feel like they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feels more like an obligation that a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation

Answer 2

Self determination theory

Question 3

(Self determination theory)
Hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in task

Answer 3

Cognitive evaluation theory

Question 4

(Self determination theory)
Considers how strongly people’s reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values

Answer 4

Self-concordance

Question 5

The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance

Answer 5

Job engagement

Question 6

Theory that says that specific and difficult goals with feedback lead to higher performance

Answer 6

Goal-setting theory

Question 7

Theory developed by Edwin Locke in 1960s
He proposed that intentions to work toward a goal are a mayor source of work motivation

Answer 7

Goal-setting theory

Question 8

Why are people motivated by difficult goals?

Answer 8

Challenging goals get our attention and help us focus
Difficult goals energize us because we must work harder to attain them

Question 9

Theory also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory
Refers to an individual’s belief that they can perform a task

Answer 9

Self-efficacy

Question 10

Who developed the self-efficacy theory?

Answer 10

Albert Bandura

Question 11

According to Albert Bandura (self-efficacy theory) which are the 4 ways self-efficacy can be increased

Answer 11

Enactive mastery
Vicarious modeling
Verbal persuasion
Arousal

Question 12

This way to increase self-efficacy refers to gaining relevant experience with the task or job

Answer 12

Enactive mastery

Question 13

This way to increase self-efficacy refers to becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task

Answer 13

Vicarious modeling

Question 14

This way to increase self-efficacy refers to becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

Answer 14

Verbal persuasion

Question 15

This way to increase self-efficacy refers to increasing self-efficacy
It leads to an energized state

Answer 15

Arousal

Question 16

This theory takes a behavioristic view, arguing that reinforcement conditions behavior

Answer 16

Reinforcement theory

Question 17

This theory ignores the inner state of the individual and concentrates solely on what happens when he or she takes some action
It is not a theory of motivation

Answer 17

Reinforcement theory

Question 18

The most relevant component of reinforcement theory for management
Argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something that don’t want

Answer 18

Operant conditioning theory

Question 19

This theory is ruled by 4 processes
(Attentional, retention, motor reproduction and reinforcement)

Answer 19

Social learning theory

Question 20

Process of social learning theory that states that people learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features

Answer 20

Attentional processes

Question 21

Process of social learning theory that states that a model’s influence depends on how well the individual remembers the model’s action after the model is no longer readily available

Answer 21

Retention processes

Question 22

Process of social learning theory that demonstrates that the individual can perform the modeled activities

Answer 22

Motor reproduction processes

Question 23

Process of social learning theory that states that individuals are motivated to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided

Answer 23

Reinforcement processes

Question 24

One of the most accepted explanations of motivation, by Victor Vroom

Answer 24

Expectancy theory

Question 25

In this theory Victor Vroom argues that the strength of our tendency to act a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and it’s attractiveness

Answer 25

Expectancy theory

Question 26

3 relationships of the expectancy theory

Answer 26

Effort - performance
Performance - reward
Rewards - personal goals

Question 27

(Relationship of the expectancy theory )
The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance

Answer 27

Effort - performance

Question 28

(Relationship of the expectancy theory )
The degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome

Answer 28

Performance - reward

Question 29

(Relationship of the expectancy theory )
The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs

Answer 29

Rewards - personal goals

Question 30

Theory in which employees perceive what they get from a job situation in relation to what they put into it

Answer 30

Equity theory

Question 31

Which are the referent comparisons in equity theory

Answer 31

Self-inside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-outside

Question 32

(Referent comparison on equity theory)
An employee’s experiences in a different position inside the employee’s current organization

Answer 32

Self - inside

Question 33

(Referent comparison on equity theory)
An employee’s experiences in a situation or position outside the employee’s current organization

Answer 33

Self - outside

Question 34

(Referent comparison on equity theory)
Another individual or group of individuals inside the employee’s organization

Answer 34

Other - inside

Question 35

(Referent comparison on equity theory)
Another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s organization

Answer 35

Other - outside

Question 36

Employees who perceive inequity will make one of six choices

Answer 36

Change inputs
Change outcomes
Distort perceptions or self
Distort perceptions of others
Choose a different referent
Leave the field

Question 37

(Equity theory/ )
Employees perceive they organizations as just when they believe rewards and the way the are distributed are fair

Answer 37

Organizational justice

Question 38

Types of justice in organizational justice

Answer 38

Distributive
Procedural
Interactional

Question 39

(Organizational justice)
Strongly related to organizational commitment and satisfaction with outcomes such as pay

Answer 39

Distributive justice

Question 40

(Organizational justice)
Relates to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors

Answer 40

Procedural justice

Question 41

(Organizational justice)
Describes an individual’s perception of the degree to which he/she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect

Answer 41

Interactional justice