contempary urban environments

Question 1

What is urbansation and what are the reasons for it

And what are some reasons for this.

Answer 1

Its the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas

It occurs because of natural increase and rural to urban migration.

Many migranta are of baby baring age - which further increases the system.

Question 2

Suburbanstion def

Answer 2

Movement from people city centres to the outskirts of a city.

Question 3

Why does suburbansation happen

Answer 3

Cities can often feel overcrowded
Combined with good transport links allows people to commute
Wealthier middle class move away to the suburbs, where there is a better of quality of life, leading to economic segregation.

Question 4

Counter urbansation.

Answer 4

Movement out of the city to surrounding villages and rural areas.

Question 5

Why does counter urbanisation happen?

Answer 5

People leave the city due to overcrowding and high property prices.

Good transport connections and the internet means people can work at home.

Question 6

What can counter urbanisation lead to

Answer 6

It can lead to new housing estates being built and causing house prices to rise and causes young people to move out of the area because they cannot afford the area.

Question 7

What is the def for urban resurgence?

Answer 7

Movement of people back to the center of the city

Question 8

Why does urban resurgence happen

Answer 8

Lack of jobs in rural or suburban areas, so people move back into the centre.People are also attracted to new developments in cities.

It’s common in post industrial countries.

Gentrification happens essentially.

Question 9

What is a megacity

Answer 9

An urban area with over 10 million people.

Question 10

What is the importance of mega cities

Answer 10

They usually dominate national and regional economies of the country.

Companies choose to build their headquarters in cities with high numbers of skilled workers with good transport links.

Question 11

What is a world city

Answer 11

Is a city that has political and financial influence over the world.

Question 12

Name me 5 ways the british government have tried to regenerate cities since 1979

Answer 12

Urban development corporations 1979-1990s
Enterprise zones 1981- present
City challenge 1991-19997
Partnership scheme -2010 - present

Question 13

Explain enterprise zone

Answer 13

They were implemented in areas with high unemployment.

Their aim was to create jobs by reducing tax to companies in the area - to move in and create jobs.

However many companies just moved their premises and staff into this area

Question 14

Explain the city challenge

Answer 14

City challenge - 1991 -1997
When local governments completed government funding.
Funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community.
40,000 houses were improved and 50,000 jobs created.
However
It meant the person with the best presentation and documents one the fund and not necessarily the most deprived areas.

Question 15

Partnership scheme

when did it take place

what happened.

Answer 15

2010 - present.
Government+private companies worked to provide financial support and expertise.

They aimed to improve physical,economic and social conditions in deprived areas

So by building new homes , (private),building new parks and sport centres, the government.

Question 16

Explain Urban developments Corporations

Answer 16

1979 -1990s
The Government creates Urban developments Corporation.
The main aims of these UDCs were to attract new business,improve local environment,create new jobs,
In london Dockland between 1981 and 1998
24,000 new houses and 85,000 jobs created
However they were criticized for providing suitable jobs or affordable houses.

Question 17

What is the rise of the service economy

Answer 17

Services such as Retail and Banking began to expand and dominate western economies.

Question 18

Explain decentralization to me.

Answer 18

As prices in the inner city rise

Many businesses may relocate to suburbs and retail parks.

Question 19

Explain de - indrustilation to me.

Answer 19

Developing nations became industrialised and started to produce goods at a cheaper price.]

This meant causes industries to collapse

Along with decentralization

Old businesses such as steel started to decline.

Question 20

Why is there more rain, fog and thunderstorms in urban areas

Answer 20

Air is warm in urban areas.

Warm air can hold more water.
Conventional uplift occurs

As it cools , the water vapour condenses and it begins to rain.
Also you have condensation nuclei allow a surface for water to condense on and encourage clouds

Question 21

Why are current conditions in mumbai unsustainable

Answer 21

They are reliant on monsoon rainfall
As population grows this unsustainable with changing weather patterns,
Producing loads of waste - air pollution is really bad 25% of deaths in chembur were caused due to respiratory problems.
Loads of people own cars

Question 22

Why is mumbai vulnerable to natural hazards

Answer 22

It has 5 rivers running through it, so it is vulnerable and unable to expand.
Also has one of the heist average precipitation rates.
It sits on seismically active area
And is low lying so tsunamis can cause a lot of damage.

Question 23

What are the social and economic inequalities in mumbai

Answer 23

More than half the city lives in slums with poor living conditions.
However, a quarter of India’s millionaires live in Mumbai in areas such as Bandra and andheri.
Inequality in education
Literacy rate is 60% in slums and 90% in the rest of the city.

Question 24

What are the efforts to make Mumbai sustainable?

Answer 24

To increase water security the government has made water harvesting systems on all new resident buildings bigger than 300m.

Since 2007 only eligible builds have had this installed.

Public transport is being improved , to help with air quality.the world bank has pledged a billion dollars.
Does Not actually reduce the amount of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the air.

Question 25

What are the environmental impacts on residents in Birmigham.

Answer 25

High levels of obesity in Birmingham- due to a lack of green space.
Large derelict buildings can cause residents to feel unsafe.
Air pollution has caused 500 deaths.

Question 26

What are the economic problems in birmingham.

Answer 26

in Handsworth (poor) average wage is 19,000 compared with 37,000 in aston.

More than 100,000 children in Birmingham are in poverty.

Question 27

Give 3 ways in which environmental sustainability in Birmingham is being improved.

Answer 27

Improve transport links - constructing cycle lanes is reducing air pollution.

Improving waste management and encouraging people to recycle.
Increasing green space- reduce air pollution,risk of flooding,provide habitats for wildlife.

Question 28

What are the challenges of urban sustainability

Answer 28

Requires a lot of investment
Population sizes are growing so services need to expand to meet the demand.
Some people are unwilling to change their habits e.g stop driving a 4by4

Question 29

Factors affecting a cities ecological footprint

Answer 29

Wealth
Size of city
Quality of public transport.

Question 30

Explain pendrasation

Answer 30

Cars are restricted from entering certain location at certain cards e.g cardiff
Can lead to fewer customers though.

Question 31

What do women turn to protrusion in Mumbai and what does this lead to?

Answer 31

Women can’t find jobs
Turn to protution
Leads to an increase in STDs

Question 32

What are the social issues around Birmingham?

Answer 32

Average life expectancy is 6 years lower for men in most deprived areas.

Crime rates are high with around 1100 crimes committed every month.
The Average uk is 270 a month.

Question 33

What are the attempts to increase sustainability in BIrmigham

Answer 33

Redevelop derelict areas - demolishing abandoned buildings and building new ones.

Improve waste management

Increase green space.

Question 34

How has the retention of birmingham changed its character and its perceptions

Answer 34

Redevelopment is attracting city has lead to an increase by 10%

Turned tourist destination - with 37 million people visiting in 2014 attracted by the industrial heritage.

Question 35

What are the challenges of urban sustainability

Answer 35

Requires a lot of investment
Population sizes are growing so services need to expand to meet the demand.
Some people are unwilling to change their habits e.g stop driving a 4by4

Question 36

What are the environmental impacts of urban areas?

Answer 36

Increase air pollution.
Cities are responsible for 60% of greenhouse emission.
Urbanisation results in a loss of

Question 37

Factors efficient a cities ecological footprint

Answer 37

Wealth
Size of city
Quality of public transport.

Question 38

Explain pendrasation

Answer 38

Cars are restricted from entering certain location at certain cards e.g cardiff
Can lead to fewer customers though.

Question 39

What do women turn to protrusion in Mumbai and what does this lead to?

Answer 39

Women can’t find jobs
Turn to protution
Leads to an increase in STDs

Question 40

What are the social issues around Birmingham?

Answer 40

Average life expectancy is 6 years lower for men in most deprived areas.

Crime rates are high with around 1100 crimes committed every month.
The Average uk is 270 a month.

Question 41

What are the attempts to increase sustainability

Answer 41

Redevelop derelict areas - demolishing abandoned buildings and building new ones.
Improve waste management
Increase green space.

Question 42

How has the retention of birmingham changed its character and its perceptions

Answer 42

Redevelopment is attracting city has lead to an increase by 10%

Turned tourist destination - with 37 million people visiting in 2014 attracted by the industrial heritage.

Question 43

Can you explain two mean legislation laws that manage air quality in urban areas.

Answer 43

In Scotland they have a roadside emission test, where they can impose fines if the vehicle fails.

UK clean act 1956-1968 reduced industrial pollution by increasing the minimum length of industrial chimneys.

Question 44

What are the pros and cons of congestion charging

Answer 44

It reduces pollution by reducing road traffic.

In London it reduces emissions in the congestion zone by about 15 percent.

Question 45

What is photochemical smog

Answer 45

When pollutants from fossil fuels come into hv light they form harmful chemicals in the atmosphere.
These areas have temperature inversion which cause them to be at ground level.
Can cause health problems.

Question 46

Why is peak discharge and lag time so high and low in urban areas?

Answer 46

Little infiltration and has surface runoff

Also precipitation is high in urban areas

Question 47

What is catchment management

Answer 47

Is a way of managing rivers and improving the drainage system by looking at the whole river catchment and the interaction between water and land.

Question 48

What are the cons of hard engineering in terms of rivers

Answer 48

Expensive
Disrupt natural environments
Can cause build up in silt.
Three gorges damm in china they displaced 1.2 million people by flooding the area.

Question 49

What is hard enerring in the context of rivers.

Answer 49

This involves man- made structures which are often used to prevent flooding along with a constant water suply.

Its very effective

Question 50

What is a sud

Answer 50

Aim to imitate natural drainage systems rather than channeling through pipes and drains.

Question 51

Expalin 2 methods how suds reduce flooding

Answer 51

Swales(vegated trenches) - they increase interception and water storage .This decreases runoff and channel flow

Vegated roofs - intercept rainfall and increase evaportranspiration, which reduces flood risk.