contempary urban environments Flashcards
What is urbansation and what are the reasons for it
And what are some reasons for this.
Its the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas
It occurs because of natural increase and rural to urban migration.
Many migranta are of baby baring age - which further increases the system.
Suburbanstion def
Movement from people city centres to the outskirts of a city.
Why does suburbansation happen
Cities can often feel overcrowded
Combined with good transport links allows people to commute
Wealthier middle class move away to the suburbs, where there is a better of quality of life, leading to economic segregation.
Counter urbansation.
Movement out of the city to surrounding villages and rural areas.
Why does counter urbanisation happen?
People leave the city due to overcrowding and high property prices.
Good transport connections and the internet means people can work at home.
What can counter urbanisation lead to
It can lead to new housing estates being built and causing house prices to rise and causes young people to move out of the area because they cannot afford the area.
What is the def for urban resurgence?
Movement of people back to the center of the city
Why does urban resurgence happen
Lack of jobs in rural or suburban areas, so people move back into the centre.People are also attracted to new developments in cities.
It’s common in post industrial countries.
Gentrification happens essentially.
What is a megacity
An urban area with over 10 million people.
What is the importance of mega cities
They usually dominate national and regional economies of the country.
Companies choose to build their headquarters in cities with high numbers of skilled workers with good transport links.
What is a world city
Is a city that has political and financial influence over the world.
Name me 5 ways the british government have tried to regenerate cities since 1979
Urban development corporations 1979-1990s
Enterprise zones 1981- present
City challenge 1991-19997
Partnership scheme -2010 - present
Explain enterprise zone
They were implemented in areas with high unemployment.
Their aim was to create jobs by reducing tax to companies in the area - to move in and create jobs.
However many companies just moved their premises and staff into this area
Explain the city challenge
City challenge - 1991 -1997
When local governments completed government funding.
Funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community.
40,000 houses were improved and 50,000 jobs created.
However
It meant the person with the best presentation and documents one the fund and not necessarily the most deprived areas.
Partnership scheme
when did it take place
what happened.
2010 - present.
Government+private companies worked to provide financial support and expertise.
They aimed to improve physical,economic and social conditions in deprived areas
So by building new homes , (private),building new parks and sport centres, the government.
Explain Urban developments Corporations
1979 -1990s
The Government creates Urban developments Corporation.
The main aims of these UDCs were to attract new business,improve local environment,create new jobs,
In london Dockland between 1981 and 1998
24,000 new houses and 85,000 jobs created
However they were criticized for providing suitable jobs or affordable houses.
What is the rise of the service economy
Services such as Retail and Banking began to expand and dominate western economies.
Explain decentralization to me.
As prices in the inner city rise
Many businesses may relocate to suburbs and retail parks.
Explain de - indrustilation to me.
Developing nations became industrialised and started to produce goods at a cheaper price.]
This meant causes industries to collapse
Along with decentralization
Old businesses such as steel started to decline.
Why is there more rain, fog and thunderstorms in urban areas
Air is warm in urban areas.
Warm air can hold more water.
Conventional uplift occurs
As it cools , the water vapour condenses and it begins to rain.
Also you have condensation nuclei allow a surface for water to condense on and encourage clouds
Why are current conditions in mumbai unsustainable
They are reliant on monsoon rainfall
As population grows this unsustainable with changing weather patterns,
Producing loads of waste - air pollution is really bad 25% of deaths in chembur were caused due to respiratory problems.
Loads of people own cars
Why is mumbai vulnerable to natural hazards
It has 5 rivers running through it, so it is vulnerable and unable to expand.
Also has one of the heist average precipitation rates.
It sits on seismically active area
And is low lying so tsunamis can cause a lot of damage.
What are the social and economic inequalities in mumbai
More than half the city lives in slums with poor living conditions.
However, a quarter of India’s millionaires live in Mumbai in areas such as Bandra and andheri.
Inequality in education
Literacy rate is 60% in slums and 90% in the rest of the city.
What are the efforts to make Mumbai sustainable?
To increase water security the government has made water harvesting systems on all new resident buildings bigger than 300m.
Since 2007 only eligible builds have had this installed.
Public transport is being improved , to help with air quality.the world bank has pledged a billion dollars.
Does Not actually reduce the amount of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the air.
What are the environmental impacts on residents in Birmigham.
High levels of obesity in Birmingham- due to a lack of green space.
Large derelict buildings can cause residents to feel unsafe.
Air pollution has caused 500 deaths.
What are the economic problems in birmingham.
in Handsworth (poor) average wage is 19,000 compared with 37,000 in aston.
More than 100,000 children in Birmingham are in poverty.
Give 3 ways in which environmental sustainability in Birmingham is being improved.
Improve transport links - constructing cycle lanes is reducing air pollution.
Improving waste management and encouraging people to recycle.
Increasing green space- reduce air pollution,risk of flooding,provide habitats for wildlife.
What are the challenges of urban sustainability
Requires a lot of investment
Population sizes are growing so services need to expand to meet the demand.
Some people are unwilling to change their habits e.g stop driving a 4by4
Factors affecting a cities ecological footprint
Wealth
Size of city
Quality of public transport.
Explain pendrasation
Cars are restricted from entering certain location at certain cards e.g cardiff
Can lead to fewer customers though.
What do women turn to protrusion in Mumbai and what does this lead to?
Women can’t find jobs
Turn to protution
Leads to an increase in STDs
What are the social issues around Birmingham?
Average life expectancy is 6 years lower for men in most deprived areas.
Crime rates are high with around 1100 crimes committed every month.
The Average uk is 270 a month.
What are the attempts to increase sustainability in BIrmigham
Redevelop derelict areas - demolishing abandoned buildings and building new ones.
Improve waste management
Increase green space.
How has the retention of birmingham changed its character and its perceptions
Redevelopment is attracting city has lead to an increase by 10%
Turned tourist destination - with 37 million people visiting in 2014 attracted by the industrial heritage.
What are the challenges of urban sustainability
Requires a lot of investment
Population sizes are growing so services need to expand to meet the demand.
Some people are unwilling to change their habits e.g stop driving a 4by4
What are the environmental impacts of urban areas?
Increase air pollution.
Cities are responsible for 60% of greenhouse emission.
Urbanisation results in a loss of
Factors efficient a cities ecological footprint
Wealth
Size of city
Quality of public transport.
Explain pendrasation
Cars are restricted from entering certain location at certain cards e.g cardiff
Can lead to fewer customers though.
What do women turn to protrusion in Mumbai and what does this lead to?
Women can’t find jobs
Turn to protution
Leads to an increase in STDs
What are the social issues around Birmingham?
Average life expectancy is 6 years lower for men in most deprived areas.
Crime rates are high with around 1100 crimes committed every month.
The Average uk is 270 a month.
What are the attempts to increase sustainability
Redevelop derelict areas - demolishing abandoned buildings and building new ones.
Improve waste management
Increase green space.
How has the retention of birmingham changed its character and its perceptions
Redevelopment is attracting city has lead to an increase by 10%
Turned tourist destination - with 37 million people visiting in 2014 attracted by the industrial heritage.
Can you explain two mean legislation laws that manage air quality in urban areas.
In Scotland they have a roadside emission test, where they can impose fines if the vehicle fails.
UK clean act 1956-1968 reduced industrial pollution by increasing the minimum length of industrial chimneys.
What are the pros and cons of congestion charging
It reduces pollution by reducing road traffic.
In London it reduces emissions in the congestion zone by about 15 percent.
What is photochemical smog
When pollutants from fossil fuels come into hv light they form harmful chemicals in the atmosphere.
These areas have temperature inversion which cause them to be at ground level.
Can cause health problems.
Why is peak discharge and lag time so high and low in urban areas?
Little infiltration and has surface runoff
Also precipitation is high in urban areas
What is catchment management
Is a way of managing rivers and improving the drainage system by looking at the whole river catchment and the interaction between water and land.
What are the cons of hard engineering in terms of rivers
Expensive
Disrupt natural environments
Can cause build up in silt.
Three gorges damm in china they displaced 1.2 million people by flooding the area.
What is hard enerring in the context of rivers.
This involves man- made structures which are often used to prevent flooding along with a constant water suply.
Its very effective
What is a sud
Aim to imitate natural drainage systems rather than channeling through pipes and drains.
Expalin 2 methods how suds reduce flooding
Swales(vegated trenches) - they increase interception and water storage .This decreases runoff and channel flow
Vegated roofs - intercept rainfall and increase evaportranspiration, which reduces flood risk.
