consumer products

Question 1

what is a homologous series

Answer 1

a series of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

Question 2

what homologous series are alcohols a part of

Answer 2

alkanols

Question 3

what are the alkanols

Answer 3

alkanols are a homologous series consisting of single carbon to carbon bonds but contain an OH (hydroxyl) in the molecule, this hydroxyl is the functional group

Question 4

what is the general formula for alcohols

Answer 4

Cn H2n+1 OH

Question 5

what is an isomer

Answer 5

same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 6

how do you name a alkanol

Answer 6

same as alkanes but the OH gets priority (smallest number)

e.g propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol

Question 7

how do you name a alkanol

Answer 7

same as alkanes but the OH gets priority (smallest number)

e.g propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol

Question 8

why are there no isomers for methanol or ethanol

Answer 8

only 1 possible position for the OH

Question 9

how is ethanol made

Answer 9

fermenting fruit, vegetables or grains

Question 10

what is the word equation for fermentation

Answer 10

i zymase

glucose ———-> alcohol + C02

Question 11

why does fermentation only yield alcohols with a maximum percentage of 15%

Answer 11

any more alcohol then that and the yeast is killed

Question 12

what process is used to increase alcohol strength

Answer 12

distillation

Question 13

solubility of alcohols

Answer 13

larger the molecule = less soluble

Question 14

uses of ethanol

Answer 14

making vinegar
alcoholic drinks
making chloroform
removing marker pens
bio-fuel

Question 15

what controls the boiling point of covalent molecular substances

Answer 15

intermolecular substances

Question 16

why is fermentation not used on an industrial scale and what is used instead to produce ethanol

Answer 16

fermentation is too expensive and slow so catalytic hydration of ethene is used

Question 17

what are carboxylic acids

Answer 17

carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids) are a series with single carbon to carbon bonds but contain a COOH (carboxyl) in the molecule. This is the functional group

Question 18

what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

Answer 18

CnH2n+1COOH

Question 19

uses of carboxylic acids

Answer 19

salicylic acid = aspirin
stearic acid = soap
ethanoic acid = vinegar/cleaning products/food flavour and preserve

Question 20

what is a neutralisation reaction

Answer 20

a neutralisation reaction is when an acids pH is brought to pH7 by the reaction of it with another chemical
produces a salt and water

Question 21

what are the products of neutralisation reaction

Answer 21

a salt and water

Question 22

what bases can a carboxylic acid react with in a neutralisation reaction

Answer 22

alkalis (metal hydroxides), metal oxides, metal carbonates

Question 23

salts

Answer 23

methanoic acid + copper carbonate –> copper methanoate + H2O

butanoic acid + lithium hydroxide –> lithium butanoate + H2O

Question 24

solubility of carboxylic acids

Answer 24

just like alcohols small size carboxylic acids are soluble in water (miscible) but this decreases as molecular size increases

Question 25

melting and boiling points of carboxylic acids

Answer 25

just like alcohols small size carboxylic acids have a low mp and bp and it increases as chain length increases due to the intermolecular forces becoming stronger