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AQA A-level Environmental Science > Conservation Method 1: Legislation & Protocols > Flashcards

Conservation Method 1: Legislation & Protocols Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the main UK law that protects wildlife?

A

The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

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2
Q

What is the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981?

A
  • a Uk law including a lot of the legislation that protects wildlife in the UK
  • it is the primary legislation in GB for the protection of Flora, Fauna and Countryside
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3
Q

Summarise what the Wildlife and Countryside act 1981 covers

A
  • designated protected areas e.g. SSSIs and MCZs
    -protection of wild birds and nests
    -protection of mammal species and their habitats
    -uprooting of wild plants- generally illegal
    -Bats
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4
Q

What bird species are not protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981?

A

some ‘pest’ species and game birds because they can be legally hunted

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5
Q

Give 4 examples of mammal species protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

A

-otters
-hazel dormouse
-Red squirrel
-badgers and their setts

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6
Q

What are setts?

A

Tunnels
E.g habitats for badgers

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7
Q

How are bats protected by the Wildlife and Countryside act?

A

-they cannot be disturbed under the act
If woodworm treatment chemicals are used in roofs where bats reside, they must not be toxic to Bats

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8
Q

What are 4 things you cant do under the Wildlife and Countryside Act?

A

-undertake agriculture or forestry operations within national parks
-intentionally kill, injure or take any wild birds,eggs or nests
-pick,uproot,trade or possess wild plants
-release non-native species that might be detrimental to native wildlife

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9
Q

How efficient is legal protection of species?

A
  • the laws can be valuable but they are rarely efficient alone
  • it can be difficult to enforce them efficiently-broken through ignorance
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10
Q

What are the 3 groups that most wildlife protection laws fall under?

A

-legal protection of habitats and species
-trade controls
-organisations that aim to achieve sustainable exploitation

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11
Q

What does the legal designation of protected areas do/help?

A

-protect species and habitats
- restrict activities in and outside of protected areas
-management agreements between land owners and designating organisations
-restrictions on access
-international cooperation

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12
Q

There are 10 examples of legally protected areas, name 4

A

SSSI, NNR, SAC, SPA, Natura 2000 sites, Ramsar sites, MNR, LNR, MPA, MCZ

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13
Q

What does SSSI stand for?

A

Site of Specific Scientific Interest

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14
Q

What is an SSSI?

A

A formal conservation designation of an area that is of particular interest to science because of rare species or important geological or physical features

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15
Q

Can developments happen in SSSIs?

A

Mostly cant happen

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16
Q

How many SSSIs are in England and how much land do they cover?

A

4’100 sites covering 4’200 square miles

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17
Q

How many SSSIs are in Scotland and Wales and how much land is covered

A

-both have 12% of their land area covered by SSSIs
- Scotland has 3’900 square miles of SSSIs
-Wales has 1’000 SSSIs

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18
Q

Give an example of an SSSI

A

Harpsden and Peveril Woods, Oxfordshire

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19
Q

What does NNR stand for?

A

National Nature Reserve

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20
Q

Under what act are National Nature Reserves established?

A

National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949

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21
Q

What are NNRs?

A

Areas managed for the purpose of research and study of Flora,fauna, geological and physical features
They are managed for wildlife but also for people to enjoy

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22
Q

How many NNRs are there in England and what amount of land do they cover?

A

229 covering 363 square miles

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23
Q

Give an example of a NNR

A

Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR, Merseyside

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24
Q

SAC

A

Special Area of Conservation

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25
Q

What are SACs?

A

Sites that have been adopted by the European Union and are formally designated by the government of each country in whose territory the site lies

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26
Q

What legislation are SACs designated under in England?

A

The Conservation of Habitat and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended) in England & Wales with a limited extent into Scotland and NI
The Conservation of Natural Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 in UK offshore territories

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27
Q

Who is the organisation responsible for SACs in the UK and how?

A

-JNCC
They advise the government on aspects of designation and management

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28
Q

SPA

A

Special Protected Area

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29
Q

What are SPAs?

A

Protected areas for Birds in the UK classified under the same legislation as SACa

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30
Q

What is the full name of the European birds directive?

A

The European Union Directive of Conservation of Wild Birds

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31
Q

How are SPA sites selected?

A

-to protect 1 or more rare, threatened or vulnerable bird species in Annex 1 of the Birds directive or certain regularly occurring migration species

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32
Q

How many SPAs are there in the UK?

A

252

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33
Q

Give an example of an SPA in England

A

Broadland SPA in Eastern England

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34
Q

What are Natura 2000 sites?

A

A network of core breeding/nesting sites for and threatened species and some rare natural habitat types that are protected in their own right

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35
Q

Are Natura 2000 sites just found in the UK?

A

No they extend across 27 EU countries both at land and sea

36
Q

How many Natura 2000 sites are there in England alone?

A

320

37
Q

How many Nature 2000 sites are there in Europe?

A

More than 25’000 that cover 18.36% of European Land

38
Q

What are Natura 2000 sites made up of?

A

SACs and SPAs under the Habitat and Birds directive
They also include terrestrial and marine protected areas

39
Q

Give 3 examples of Natura 2000 sites in the UK

A

-Northumberland Coast
-Norfolk Broads
-Salisbury plain

40
Q

What are Ramsar sites?

A

Wetlands of international importance
Covers wetlands containing representative,rare or unique wetland types or their importance conserving biological diversity

41
Q

How many Ramsar sites are in British Overseas Territories?

A

16

42
Q

Give 2 examples of Ramsar Sites

A

Karavasta Lagoon, Albania
Scindarbans Reserved Forest, Bangladesh

43
Q

MNR

A

Marine nature reserve

44
Q

What is an MNR?

A

A conservation designation awarded by a government to a marine reserve of national significance
A type of Marine protected area intended to conserve particular species and habitats or enable their recovery

45
Q

What Act are MNRs designated under?

A

The Wildlife Act 1990

46
Q

How many MNRs are in the UK

A

3

47
Q

Name the 3 MNRs in the UK

A

-Lundy MNR, Lundy Island, Bristol Channel
-Skomer MNR, Pembrokeshire
-Strangford Lough, County Down

48
Q

LNR

A

Local Nature Reserve

49
Q

What is an LNR?

A

A protected area of land designated by a local authority because of its special natural interest and or educational value

50
Q

How many LNRs are in England

A

More than 1400

51
Q

Under what act are LNRs designated?

A

Under section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949

52
Q

Give 3 examples of LNRs in the UK

A

Alverstone Mead, Isle of Wight
Borsdane Woods, Wigan
Fishwick Bottoms, Bolton

53
Q

MPA

A

Marine Protected Area

54
Q

What is an MPA?

A

Defined geographical areas of marine environments established and managed to achieve long term nature conservation and sustainable use
A section of ocean where a government has placed limits on human activity

55
Q

What is restricted in MPAs?

A

Places at sea where environmentally damaged activities like certain types of fishing are restricted

56
Q

Give two examples of MPAs

A

Florida Keys
Great Barrier Reef, Australia

57
Q

MCZ

A

Marine Conservation Zone

58
Q

What is a MCZ?

A

An area that protects a range of nationally important,rare or threatened habitats or species

59
Q

Where can MCZs be designated?

A

In Uk territorial and offshore waters

60
Q

How many MCZs are in and around the UK?

A

91

61
Q

CITIES

A

Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

62
Q

What is CITIES?

A

The main international agreement that regulates international trade in wildlife

63
Q

what are selected species grouped into by CITIES?

A

Appendices

64
Q

What species are included in Appendix I and what does this mean as a result?

A

-species threatened with extinction
-all international trade of these species is banned except for conservation breeding programmes

65
Q

Examples of species that are included in Appendix 1

A

All:
-Great apes
-Big cats
-Rhinos
-Blue Whales

66
Q

What species are in Appendix II and what does this mean for the trade of them?

A

-species that might be threatened with extinction if trade isn’t closely controlled
-trade is permitted from countries where the species is relatively well protected- limited exploitation isn’t a threat

67
Q

Give an example of species included in Appendix II

A

Common Hippopotamus
Green Iguana
Great White Shark
Basking Shark
Venus Fly Trap

68
Q

There are a range of international organisations involved who aim to achieve sustainable exploitation, who do they focus on?

A

Specific wildlife groups that are commercially exploited

69
Q

What are the 3 international organisations you need to know?

A

International whaling commission
Common fisheries policy of the European Union
International Tropical Timber Organisation

70
Q

IWC

A

International whaling commission

71
Q

What was the problem with Whaling that led to the IWC?

A

Depletion of whale species populations because of unregulated whaling
This happened to the point commercial whaling was banned in 1986 until a future period where populations are stable enough to withstand commercial whaling

72
Q

What is the main aim of the IWC?

A

To regulate and manage whaling to ensure sustainable exploitation by conserving whale stocks

73
Q

In what ways do the IWC regulate and manage whaling?

A

-the total protection of certain species
-designation of whale sanctuaries
-setting limits on the number/size of whales that can be taken
-protection of suckling mothers and calves
-carrying out research into whale biology and activities that threaten whales

74
Q

What activities can threaten whales?

A

Ship strikes
Entanglement with fishing nets

75
Q

Is all whaling banned by the IWC?

A

No there are 3 reasons it can happen

76
Q

What are the 3 reasons the IWC allow whaling?

A

-Aboriginal Substinence
-Special permit whaling/scientific whaling
-commercial whaling

77
Q

What is ‘Aboriginal Substinence’ as a reason for whaling?

A

Whaling permitted for cultural groups that have traditionally hunted whales for food
E.g. the Inuit (eskimos) of Alaska & the people of St Vincent and the Grenadines

78
Q

What is Special permit whaling/scientific Whaling?

A

The killing of whales for scientific research

79
Q

Which country tried to use Scientific whaling as a justification for its whaling in 2014?

A

Japan

80
Q

Commercial whaling is one of the reasons the IWC allows, who used this to set their own commercial whaling quotas?

A

Iceland and Norway
In 2014, they killed around 800 fin and Minke sharks

81
Q

EU CFP

A

Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union

82
Q

What is the EU CFP?

A

A series of regulations that control fishing in the territorial waters of the European Union

83
Q

What is the aim of the EU CFP?

A

To ensure fishing and aquaculture are environmentally, economically and socially sustainable and that they provide a source of healthy food for European Citizens

84
Q

What are the typical regulations of the EU CFP?

A

-catch quotas
-size limits
-net mesh size regulations
-limits on fishing efforts
-ban on discarding unwanted fish

85
Q

ITTO

A

International Tropical Timber organisation

86
Q

What is the aim of the ITTO?

A

To encourage the sustainable management of tropical rainforests

87
Q

What did ITTO members agree to in 1990?

A

To strive for an international trade of tropical timber from sustainably managed forests by 2000
However there was little evidence of success by 2000

AQA A-level Environmental Science (46 decks)

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