consequences of the civil right movement 1968-1990

Question 1

what is affirmative action?

Answer 1

It did mean the encouragement of business to give opportunities to minorities, including black Americans as well as women even if they did not have the qualifications.

It was not a quota system that made business or universities take on fixed numbers of certain groups of people.

Question 2

What was president johnson stance on black Americans achieving equality?

Answer 2

President Johnson began to look for other ways to help Black Americans achieve equality.

His policy of affirmative action encouraged discrimination in favour of Black Americans in the short term, especially in job and higher education, to close the pay and achievement gap in the longer term

Question 3

what would affirmative action involve?

Answer 3

This would involve colleges and universities taking on more Black American students with lower qualifications, and businesses taking on more Black American employees with lower qualifications

Question 4

what did Johnson say in relation to affirmative action?

Answer 4

President Johnson argued that you could not put a man who had been starved all of his life in the same race as a healthy man and expect them both to have the same chance of winnin

Question 5

where has affirmative action been evident in the past?

Answer 5

it was the reason President Roosevelt had established the Fair Employment Practices Commission in 1942, and why President Kennedy’s 1961 Executive Order 10925 had ordered businesses working for the federal government to not discriminate in their employment policies.

Affirmative action was also one of the reasons why President Johnson had insisted on the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission as part of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Question 6

how did president johnson enforce affirmative action?

Answer 6

it was President Johnson’s 1965 Executive Order 11246 that created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance in the Department of Labor to enforce affirmative action amongst government contractors.

Question 6

how did president johnson enforce affirmative action?

Answer 6

it was President Johnson’s 1965 Executive Order 11246 that created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance in the Department of Labor to enforce affirmative action amongst government contractors.

Question 7

how did president nixon enforce affirmative action?

Answer 7

it was President Johnson’s 1965 Executive Order 11246 that created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance in the Department of Labor to enforce affirmative action amongst government contractors.

Question 8

How was there challenges to affirmative action?

Answer 8

The 1969 Philadelphia Plan required government contractors guarantee that a certain proportion of their apprentices would be Black Americans.

Question 9

what did the supreme court rule in 1971 in relation to affirmative action?

Answer 9

In the 1971 Griggs v. Duke Power Company case, the Supreme Court ruled that affirmative action was constitutional, and that it did not contradict the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Question 10

why was there opposition to affirmative action?

Answer 10

Many White Americans came to see it not as a way of promoting equality of opportunity, but as discrimination against them. T

Question 11

What legal challenges that did cover a variety of aspects of affirmative action decided by the supreme court?

Answer 11

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978).

The Supreme Court ruled that the university’s quota for taking on minority students was illegal, but it was acceptable to have race as an element of its admission’s policy.

Question 12

what was the case of united steelworkers of America v weber (1979) in affirmative action?

Answer 12

. A company was accused of racial discrimination against White Americans by setting aside half of the positions in the business training scheme for minorities.

The Court ruled that it was legal as it was a temporary measure to eliminate the effects of issues resulting from past racial discrimination.

Question 13

what was the case of fullilove v klutznick ( 1980) in affirmative action?

Answer 13

The Supreme Court ruled that it was legal for Congress to temporarily set aside 10% of money for federal works to support minorities as it was a short-term measure to address historical discrimination.

Question 14

what was the case of Connecticut v teal ( 1982) in affirmative action?

Answer 14

The Supreme Court ruled that a business being racially balanced was no defence against accusations of discrimination by individuals

Question 15

what was the case of scotts v Memphis fire department ( 1984) in affirmative action?

Answer 15

The Supreme Court ruled that a business could use affirmative action in its hiring and promotion practices, but not in making them redundant, upholding the complaint that preferring to lay off older White American workers rather than Black Americans was racial discrimination.

Question 16

what was the Johnson v transportation agency Santa Clara county ( 1987) about affirmative action)

Answer 16

The Supreme Court supported the idea of affirmative action plans for business provided they were voluntary, temporary, addressed a clearly proven gender or racial bias and did not prove to be an absolute barrier to anyone’s promotion.

Question 17

what did ronald regean say about affirmative action?

Answer 17

-He did see affirmative action as discrimination against white Americans.
-He cut the funding for equal employment opportunities commission it did lead to 60% reduction in the cases it considered
-president regean did make conservative appointment to the supreme court
-He did promote William Rehnquist to chief justice in 1986

Question 18

what was the effect of affirmative action from ronald regean?

Answer 18

-By 1987 the supreme court was very suspicious of affirmative action and did often require a high level of proof that an affirmative action policy was needed, as with the case of city of Richmond v crosson in 1989.