civil rights developments of changing attitudes towards civil right

Question 1

when and why were Jim crows laws introduced?

Answer 1

Jim crow laws were introduced as southern whites did remain fearful and hostile. white Southerns were content with the spread of jim crow laws.

the reassertion of white supremacy in the south was facilitated by the federal government declining interest in protecting the black population from the south.

once slavery was abolished whites did move to continue control through de facto segregation.
at the same time that it did pass the 14th amendment.

-did begin in the late 19th centaury and end in 1965

Question 2

what would white Southerns do to protect white people but directly discriminate black people?

Answer 2

• they would ensure that black Americans would not have the right to vote from 1890 to 1904 by for example Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas did all install the poll tax.
• the poll tax did discriminate against black American’s as majority of them were very poor and could never afford to pay it.
• Aswell as despite even if they could not pay the poll tax alot of states would install the grandfather clause which did say that if there grandad voted they had the right to vote, which at the time slavery was enstalled.
• states such as Alabama (1902) , Georgia, Louisiana(1898), south Carolina(1895) ,
  and virgina (1902) did all instal grandfather clause

Question 3

why were jim crow so consistently applied by the 1980s?

Answer 3

• support of the supreme court
  -white anxiety over the rising proportion of black farm owners in the deep south between 1880 and 1900. black success necessitated segregation which would reaffirm white supremacy.
• railroad expansion in the south in the 1870s did force railroad companies to consider significance of black and white races sitting in close proximity
• fear of black power after slavery had been abolished

Question 4

how was it enforced and what effect did jim crow laws have?

Answer 4

The landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the Separate Act and sanctioned the controversial doctrine of “separate but equal.”
- it did result in inferior facilities for blacks ranging from schools to housing to employment.
- did also make it very difficult for black citizens to be elected.
- did effect black a lot so much so that a lot of black citizens did migrate to cities in the north and west. in new York this did spark the Harlem renaissance.
-spark the civil right movement and organisation of the naacp

Question 5

what were the changes that were introduced in florida?

Answer 5

1887 flordia state legislature did pass a law mandating segregation in the first class cars on florida railroads.
- apparently to them both did have equal facilities

Question 6

what was the extnesion of segregation?

Answer 6

-from 1881 de jure segregation was introduced in all areas of life in the south. -at varying speeds and degrees of consistency
- southern states did pass segregation laws in trains, streetcars, stations, theatres, churches, parks, schools, restaurants and cemeteries.
- whites were not to use black prostitutes, black and white were forbidden to paly checkers together.

Question 7

what methods did southern use to exclude black voters?

Answer 7

-white supremacist groups did use violence to stop black voting
- in 1880 south Carolina legislature decreased black representation by redrawing congressional districts. they did put black voters in a single black majority district.
- fraud was frequent, for example when missipi voting officials maintained that mules are ballot papers from black majority countries.
- during reconstruction, southern states did introduce a poll tax. Georgia did introduce it in 1871, all voters had to pay to register.
- in Arkansas 71 per cent of the black electorate voted in 1890, but only 9 per cent were able to vote after the poll tax was introduced.
- 1882 south Carolina introduced a literacy qualification for voting
- in 1890 Mississippi did become the first former confederate state to call a consitional convection for the sole purpose of excluding black voters.
- other southern legislatures did follow including south Carolina, Louisiana , Alabama and Virgina.
- in 1908 Georgia was the first state to complete the process

Question 8

what effect did the grandfather clause have and where?

Answer 8

• in 1898 Louisiana did sought to assist poor white voters who could not pay the poll tax or pass the literacy test
• Louisiana did introduce the grad farther clause, it ensured the exclusion of black voters
• impact on voter number in the south was significant. by 1900 only 3 per cent of black southern males could vote

Question 9

what was the number of black voters in 1896 Louisiana ?

Answer 9

130,334

Question 10

what was the number of black voters in 1904 in Louisiana?

Answer 10

1,400

Question 11

what was the number of black voters in Louisiana in 1910?

Answer 11

730

Question 12

what significance did booker t Washington play?

Answer 12

• he was one of the founders of the national negro business league.
  -during the reconstruction period Washington did address white audiences at the white compromise speech.
  -he did promote the economic development of African Americans
• he thought it was better to be economically better off than to have no right, and segregation
• he did help black to establish themselves after their liberation from slavery.

Question 13

what significance did booker t washington play?

Answer 13

• he did head the Tuskegee institute in Alabama
• every building, every desk would be built by students’ practical education in addition to academic education did allow black Americans to feel uplifted
• they had skilled after being enslaved they were no valuable.
• he said blacks did need time to develop and whites should help them he did emphasise also that social equality would not come swiftly.

Question 14

when did Washington found the school?

Answer 14

This institute inculcated Washington’s principles of providing practical training for African Americans and helping them develop economic self-reliance through the mastery of manual trades and agricultural skills.

Booker T. Washington founded the school in 1881 and served as its principal until his death in 1915

Question 15

why was Washington so significant?

Answer 15

• he founded the Tuskegee negro normal institute, the instiiion did provide an academic education but was really committed to giving young negro boys practical skills in farming, carpentry, brickmaking. it was significant as it does illustrate Washingtons aspirations for his race.
• he did raise money to improve and expand the institute.
• he did also found the national negro business league to help and support the setting up and running of black businesses.
  -white politicians and businessmen applauded Washingtons view of rather pursuing the political right of black people it would be better if they showed themself to be reliable American citizens allowing them to gain respect.

Question 16

why was washington criticised?

Answer 16

• it was said that his black critics did come to the conclusion that he was much more interested in attracting white money for his educational establishment than in supporting the cause for civil rights
• despite the fact that he was highly regarded by Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft. the presidents

Question 17

what work did du bois do and what did he want to happen?

Answer 17

• he did begin the civil right movement he did demand full civil right and an end to segregation, the extension of the franchise and equality of oppounity in all aspects of life and work

Question 18

what work did du bois do in the naacp?

Answer 18

• he began his active campaign in 1905 with the setting up of the Niagara movement.
• he did then join forces with other activists to the naacp.

Question 19

what werethe naacp aims?

Answer 19

-abolition of segregation
-equal voting rights
- educational opportunities for black people
-enforcement of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments.

Question 20

what impact did du bois have on the naacp?

Answer 20

• by 1918 there were about 43, 994 members that were divided between 165 local branches across the country
• du bois major contribution to the naacp was to edit its magazine the crisis which was established in 1910.

Question 21

what role did du bois play in the crisis?

Answer 21

• it did contain views and articles written by naacp members and did aim itself at anyone interested in true democracy and the rights of all Americans irrespective of colour, race or creed.
• it did come to enjoy a wide readership by 1917 its circulation had risen to 50000 and this had doubled by 1919
  -through the pages of the crisis du bois did campaign against
  lynchings
  Jim crow laws
  sexual inequality every argument ‘for negro suffrage is an argument for women’s suffrage ‘

Question 22

what impact did ida b wells have?

Answer 22

• young journalist ida b wells did report the lynchings that were happening
  -born into slavery she decided to be a civil right advocate
  -she did analyse specific cases from newspaper, she did investigate racially motivated murders

Question 23

what did ida b wells research show?

Answer 23

• she did find that these murders were deliberate to punish or control black people who competed against white people

Question 24

what did ida b wells do?

Answer 24

she did publish southern horrors, a book and the record book.
-her documentation and public speeches did drew national attention, she did travel to Europe and spread the message of the horrors that blacks faced.

Question 25

what other work did ida b wells later do?

Answer 25

-she did relocate to Chicago where she led the first anti lynching campaign she did push the government to take action

Question 26

what significance did ida b wells have?

Answer 26

• it would become a massive commitment to the naacp she did consider organisations a massive way forward
  -despite her failure to get the federal government to legislate against lynching she put the issue into the public eye.
• for many years after her death wells was virtually forgotten outside Chicago until greater black militancy and feminism in the late twentieth centaury revived interest in her life and career

Question 27

what was the naacp?

Answer 27

naacp aim was to abolish segregation and get black Americans their full civil right
-one of the earliest initiatives of the naacp was the campaign against the birth of a nation

Question 28

how did it come about? the naacp

Answer 28

lawyers, journalists, activists, social workers, educators, reforms, did come together in new York to establish the naacp
-did include founder such as jane adams and du bois

Question 29

what did they focus on?

Answer 29

• litigation, education, they did believe through re education white Americans heart would win

Question 30

what early impact did they have?

Answer 30

• did work continuously in the first decade to put legislation through against lynching for example in 1919 they put a study together, but it failed
  -after the first world war it did then become a mass membership organization
• 1920 the naacp has 300 local branches across the us and almost 100000 members
  -February 12 1919 the naacp was formed

Question 31

what was the need for naacp

Answer 31

segregation was legal, voting right were denied
-people were living in fear from lynching
- du bois and 29 other did start the niagra movement a lot did join later from that group to form naacp.
-there first challenge was to fight Jim crow laws. they did one a court case against the grandfather clause

Question 32

what work did they play a role in?

Answer 32

• 1964 civil rights act
  -march on Washington
  -bus boycott
  -1965 voting rights act
  -Aswell as ongoing they still no fight aspect such as the criminal justice system

Question 33

what did the naacp involve?

Answer 33

du bois did become editor of the naacp a magazine crisis and ida b wells was an enthusiastic supporter.
-organzation did place great importance on court action to achieve civil right for black Americans.
-it did win belated victories in 1915 when supreme court did declare grandfather clause in Oklahoma and Maryland unconstitional.
-in 1917 Louisville regulation allowing residential segregation was declared invalid.
- the naacp did develop into a national organization with 90000 by the 1920s.
-achievements were limited until it could recruit large membership

Question 34

what impact did booker t Washington?

Answer 34

• the number of professional african Americans working in teaching, for example increased from 68, 350 in 1910 to 136,925 in 1930.

Question 35

when was ida b wells books published?

Answer 35

• her book lynching and the excuse was published in 1901

Question 36

what was the great migration?

Answer 36

mass movement of african Americans from the rural south to the urban centres of the north. it did accelerate in the period before and during the first world war.
-estimated that 500000 african Americans did leave the south before 1910 and another 500000 left during the first world war
- between 196 and 196 some 6 million did make the move from the south.
-one third of inhabitants of Washington by 1910 were african american.
- by 1910 new Orleans in the deep south did have a african American population of over 80000.
-despite the pull of the northward great migration, the number of african Americans in the south was still large and growing 8, 912,000 in 1920 and 11, 313,000 by 1960.

Question 37

why did the great migration take place

Answer 37

-greater employment opportunities. migrants that were paid 75 cent a day picking cotton or washing clothes in the south could make that in an hour in the north.

• dependence in the south on cotton industry did make workers vunerable to effects of overproduction. there were slumps in cotton prices in 1913-15 and 1920 that impacted upon wage of african American cotton pickers
  -outbreak of ww1 did restrict the flow of European immigrants to the north and created a labour shortage.
  -better life, free from segregation
  -growth of african American communities in northern cities.

Question 38

what impact did ww1 have on civil rights?

Answer 38

-occurred during white supremacy
-jim crow laws are emplace and do exclude them from equality
-did create both obligation and opportunities

Question 39

what oppountites/ obligation did they have

Answer 39

-african American women were denied as nurses
-they did make substantial contribution
-raised 250 million dollars in war bonds
-a lot believed demonstrating their bravery and patriotism was key to being accepted by white Americans
-a lot were expose to weaponry fire without the protection that white Americans had
-12000 men that did serve in the French army did have a different experience
-Harlem hell fighters did serve in French, they did demonstrate that they could fight courageously

Question 40

what happened after the war?

Answer 40

-did expect much better treatment but one they returned there was great hostility
-they would be willing to use violence to make it clear that they were not as superior as whites
-du bois goes to Europe to interview african American troops he said we return from fighting to fighting
-would then make the issue of civil right more clear in the second world war would allow it to be brought to a head after the war as their vital contribution was made clear

Question 41

what was the impact within the army?

Answer 41

majority of african Americans were not assigned to combat units.
-a lot were used in labour units, in support of front line troops digging trenches or building roads or bridges.
-racism was entrenched within the war department
- navy did only take african Americans as mess men. commander of Americans army in France did insist on segregated units.
- Harlem fighters 369 regiment fought longer in the front line than any other American units.

Question 42

what was the impact of the great migration on racial hostility?

Answer 42

african American population concentrated in ghettos in the main cities such as harlem in new york and Chicago south side increased.

-the enormous concentration of population (Chicago ghetto 90000 people lived in 1 square mile). did lead to appalling conditions in education, sanitation and there were high rates of disease, crime and delinquency.
-segregation was now becoming more common in the north, schools did become more segregated by 1930 82% of Chicago’s african American students were in all african American schools.
-it did result in social tensions that exploded into racial violence. in July 1919 Chicago did erupt as there two weeks of rioting with federal troops having to be called in. 23 african Americans and 15 white people were killed and hundred were injured.

Question 43

what was the impact of the great migration on african american resitance?

Answer 43

-segregated service in racist armed forces and violence in usa before and after the war did make african Americans aware of their poor status
- african American response to the issue was shown in the Chicago riot did facilitate this when osian sweet an african American Detroit doctor did buy a house that a mob of 2000 people surrounded and fired at it.
-sweet did fire back and killed one white man
-at a highly controversial trial he was acquitted, despite never being able to go back to the house.

Question 43

what was the impact of the great migration on african american resitance?

Answer 43

-segregated service in racist armed forces and violence in usa before and after the war did make african Americans aware of their poor status
- african American response to the Chicago riot did facilitate this osian sweet an african American Detroit doctor did buy a house that a mob of 2000 people surrounded and fired at it.
-sweet did fire back and killed one white man
-at a highly controversial trial he was acquitted, despite never being able to go back to the house.

Question 44

what was the impact of the great migration on naacp?

Answer 44

• James Johnson a new filed secretary did campaign vigorously during the war years opening branches of the naacp by 1919 there were more than 300 branches with 90000 members a tenfold increase over 1916.

Question 45

what was the impact of the great migration on counting migration?

Answer 45

-despite violence and poor living conditions job opportunities did continue to attract migrants
-ford motor company in Detroit had by 1926 added 10000 african American in its workforce.
-by 1928 3,400 african Americans had government jobs in Chicago, mainly at post offices.
-in new York more than 2000 african American worked for the city’s schools, police, and other municipal services.
-however alot were denied from applying for white collar posts
-all trade union did impose racial restrictions on membership and a lot employers point blank refused to employ african Americans

Question 46

what was the impact of the great migration on political and social change?

Answer 46

• in Chicago african Americans did use their democratic right to the full in voting by the 1930s 60% of african americans had precipitated in Chicago elections.
  -oscar de priest did become Chicago’s first african American alderman in 1915 and in 1928 was the first african American us congressman to be elected in the twentieth centaury.
• a Philip Randolph did organise the first african American labour union in 1925, which did succeed in extracting recognition and pay increase from the pullman company

Question 47

what was the impact of Marcus Garvey on civil rights?

Answer 47

-universal negro improvement association was set up by Marcus Garvey in Jamaica.
- he did come to the USA in 197 he was a strong advocate for a separate african state, he did believe white Americans to be hopelessly racist and African Americans should return to Africa.
-Garvey organisation attracted attention, he did claim that his association had 4 million members.
- his legacy would influence the black power movement of the 1960s.

Question 48

what was the impact of Marcus Garvey on the civil right movement?

Answer 48

unia was aimed to develop pride and aspiration for blacks
- unia was established in unia in Harlem
-had one of largest mass movements of 20th centaury
-did hold demonstrations and parade in Harlem
-he did encourage black entrepreneurship
- he did create the back to africa move, he did start the black line however it failed.

Question 49

how did the new deal not impact black americans?

Answer 49

• the national recovery admisntration permitted unequal pay between african American’s and white Americans
• the civilian conservation corps organised segregated work camps.
  -even the Tennessee valley authority, a flagship of the new deal used segregated accommodation for african Americans and set up all white model towns.

Question 50

what was the effect of employment from the new deal?

Answer 50

• african American unemployment remained stubbornly high despite the new deal.
  -by 1941, 25% african American workers were then still registered as unemployed in the large cities.
  -agricultural adjustment act was designed to prevent the eviction of 200000 african Americans share croppers in the south in the 1930s.
  -committees running the agricultural adjustment act at a local level were often headed by southern democrats unsympathetic to the problems of african American tenant farmers.

Question 51

how did african Americans positively benefit from the new deal relied and recovery programmes?

Answer 51

• by 1933 30% of african American families were receiving relief
  -the works progress admisntration which had been set up to fund public works in 1935 provide employment for an estimated 1 million african american famillies
• was estimated that one third of federally funded housing in the 1930s went to african American families
• african American schools and housing benefited from investment from the public works admisntration, between 1933 and 1936 it spent four times the amount spent by all government since 1900 on african American schools and hospitals.

Question 52

what positive impact did the new deal have on black Americans?

Answer 52

-large numbers of african americans were appointed to federal jobs for the first time
- influential african american leaders like mary mcleod Bethune and robert c weaver were given important posts in Roosevelt admisntration

Question 53

what positive impact did the new deal have and Eleanor Roosevelt?

Answer 53

the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt was outspoken against racism and supporting civil rights .
- in 1940 alone she did promote national sharecroppers week and the national committee to abolish the poll tax
- during the second world war she made clear support for the black Tuskegee airmen whose aerial prowess was doubted by white racists.
she did repeatedly publicised the contrast between the American myth of freedom and equality and the situation of black Americans. for example in a 1942 article in the new republic she did say that Americans needed t acknowledged that one of the main destroyers of freedom is our attitude towards the coloured race
- she did try to persuade her husband to endorse the anti lynching legislation and urge the new deal official to provide non discriminatory aid for blacks.
- in 1934 she read an article entitled nra codifies wage slavery and pointedly passed it on to the nra .
-her stance was liberal.
-she did negotiate the march on Washington

Question 54

what imact did the new deal have on civil rights?

Answer 54

• a black cabinet was formed to provide advice to the new deal agencies on racial matters
  nearly 50 black American with relatively senior positions in government departments and agencies were nicknamed the black cabinet because of their frequent meeting and concentrated pressure on the admisntration over implementation of new deal programme
• Mary McLeod Bethune was leading figure in the group
  -other members did include William Hastie and Robert weaver, both worked in the department of the interior
  and Robert Vann he edited the Pittsburgh courier.
  -their influence however should not be exaggerated

Question 55

what impact did the new deal have on voting patterns?

Answer 55

the new deal did cause a voting revolution in that black voters in the north switched to the democratic party.
-in 1932 around 70 per cent of black voters did support the republican presidential candidate Herbert hoover, but in 1936 76 per cent did assure that they planned to vote for Roosevelt.
-in 1936, 1940 and 1944 the majority of black voters supported Roosevelt
-in 1940 he won 85 per cent of the vote in Harlem

Question 56

why did black americans change their vote?

Answer 56

• they were thought to have benefited from the new deal relief measures and believed that Roosevelt cared
• alot of new deal administrators such as harry hopkins were keen to assist black Americans.
  -over 100 black American did hold quite important administrative posts in new deal agencies
  -democratic party responded to the growing importance of the black American vote. for example at the 1936, democratic convention there were 30 black delegates one of whom arthur Mitchell was granted the honour of delivering the opening address.
  -first lady Eleanor Roosevelt devoted alot of time and effort to assist black Americans.

Question 57

what was the work of Eleanor Roosevelt?

Answer 57

• in 1938 she attended schw. which was a biracial group and it wanted the meeting to be fully integrated,. the meeting did declare support for equality before the law voter registration for the poor and funding for black graduate students.
• in 1936 Eleanor Roosevelt did invite black singer Marian Anderson did sing at the white house. in 1939, the daughters of the American revolution refused to allow Andeson to sing before an integrated audience at their consition hall in Washington dc.

Question 58

how did the aaa help?

Answer 58

aaa officials tried but failed to prevent evictions. the evicted sharecroppers attempted resistance. the communist left Alabama sharecroppers union, established in 1931 with 8000 members by 1934, resisted displacement. however, state officials did nothing to help. Roosevelt did nothing about this.

Question 59

what effect did the Tennessee valley authority?

Answer 59

• their situation improved somewhat when j. max bond, tva black superior of negro training leaked information about discriminatory practise to the naacp.
  -when the naacp published an expose it promoted a congressional committee to call for the improve treatment of black workers

Question 60

what effect did the cc have on civil right? ;

Answer 60

around 600000 black Americans did work for the cc during the year existence.
some camps did eventually become integrated in the early years.
the south does offer the best illustration of racial tension under the new deal there were also problems in the north as demonstrated by events at fort dix new jersey. within two weeks of the establishment of the ccc black recruits arrived at fort dix there was 100 of Newark new jersey on strike.

Question 61

what effect did the public works administration have?

Answer 61

it did spent over 65 million on the construction and improvement of black home and hospitals its housing divisions used to ensure construction for black workers

Question 62

what effect did the wpa have?

Answer 62

wpa education programmes employed over 5000 black teachers and taught over 250000 black americans how to reach and write.
-wpa did impose racial quotas on contractors who it employed and doubled is percentage of black workers from 8 to 15 percent within two years..
- wpa was responsible for the national youth administration which assisted students and provided them with part time jobs while they completed their education

Question 63

what effect did the national youth administration?

Answer 63

encouraged state officials to ensure that black students or youths signed up for programmes.
the nya did give aid and talked skills to 500000 black americans.
it did aim to voice black concerns to new dealers

Question 64

what effect did the federal emergency relief administration have?

Answer 64

it did spend over 4000 million to help the unemployed through relief and work projects.

Question 65

what effect did the social security act have?

Answer 65

a lot of black Americans were waiters, cooks, janitors, domestic and farm workers and although there were probably the workers who most needed help they were excluded from the social security coverage.

Question 66

what was the impact of the second world war?

Answer 66

double v
- double v victory over japan and Germany must also be joined by victory over racism at home. naacp during the second world membership did soar from 50000 to nearly half a million
-campaign that was brought on by Pittsburgh courier

Question 67

what was the contribution and what effect did it have on black american?

Answer 67

-duirng the second world war more than 1 million served in the us military
-people were denied equal protection under the law leading to double v
-double v african americans fighting overseas do demand that they are compensated
-victory abroad here at home victory did come three years later executive order 8802.
-black veterans were determined to lead the war of civil rights and end jim crow

Question 68

executive order 8802 what was the effect?

Answer 68

by 1945 1,250000 african Americans were members of labour unions.
- widespread discrimination
-Roosevelt did sing executive order 8802 which every defence contract between the government and industry had to contain a provision prohibiting racial discrimination in hiring workers.
-a faire employment practises committee was set up to ensure that the executive order was followed. the march was cancelled.
first presidential executive order on a racial issue since the period of construction. the threat of the march on Washington did bring significant results and example that was no least on civil right activists.
- an opinion poll in 1944 did find that the 55% or Americans now thought african Americans had the same chance to make good living as a white Americans. attitudes were changing

Question 69

what effect did the second world war have on civil rights?

Answer 69

new organisations took a lead from Randolph success. the congress of racial equality was founded in 1942.
-organisation believed in non violent protests against racial discrimination.
-sit ins organised by core in 1943 did result in the desegregation of cinemas and restruants in Detroit, Denver and Chicago.

Question 70

what effect did the second world war have on racial violence?

Answer 70

contuing migration into northern cities and the progress made by civil rgiht campaigners provoked a reaction.
-worst violence did occur in 1943 in Detroit, the centre of the car industry.

-influx of 50000 african American workers as well as high proportions of white workers from the south did create racial tensions which exploded over a confrontation at a amusement park in june 1943.
-violence spread throughout the city a the end 26 african American and nine white were dead, 800 were injured and 2 million worth of damage had been caused

Question 71

what was african american military experince during the second world war?

Answer 71

-did not at first appear different from ww1. treatment in south did result in racial riots affecting nine military training camps in 1943.
- army did inst on segregation even to the point of having segregated red cross blood banks
- more african American combat units than there were in the first world war 22 served in Europe during the crisis of the battle of the buldge in 1944.
-when Germany did counter attack a stretched American army they did relax segregation and allow them to fight together in the front line.
-after the battle african Americans did return to segregated units.
-war department did allow them to be trained as pilots in Tuskegee Alabama. Tuskegee airmen did gain widespread publicity for their performance in the European war.
-by end of 1944 us army had over 11 million men contained 701,678 african Americans.
-navy did include 1650000 african Americans, after 1944 some integration was allowed.
- by end of the war 1 million african Americans veterans had earned benefits for education, housing and health care that would promise a brighter economic future.

Question 72

what was the impact of president truman on civil right and was this from the knock of impact of the war?

Answer 72

-april 1945 Roosevelt died, he was succeeded by truman who was aware of the civil right issue.
-truman did back the finding of a commission he did send in febuary 1948 a message to congress recommending
- a end to segregation in interstate travel
-an law to make lynching a federal crime
- a permanent fepc
no legislation was passed by truman he did however sign two executive orders
9980 ending racial discrimination in federal employment and 9981 ordering desegregation in the armed forces

Question 73

how did black attitudes change?

Answer 73

-social developments at home did help the issue of black civil rights come to the homefront.
-some black people did enjoy the taste of racial integration
-membership of the naacp had increased during the war from 50000 to 200000. it now did have over 1500 branches and was represented in nearly every state of the union

Question 74

how did white attitudes change?

Answer 74

-alot of white americans were now becoming more aware of h ow black Americans were treated in the south where violence against them was greater and where discrimination was more sympathetic.
-spread of the motor car and the television set did aide this awareness.
-in 1949 1 million American families had a television set in 1960 it was 45 million. it would prove very significant during the 1960s when million did watch the Brimingham riots and protesters were beat up by police.

Question 75

contribution of black Americans during the war

Answer 75

during the war over 400000 black Americans migrated from the south to the usa industrial centres
- number of black Americans employed in government service rose from 50000 to 20000 and by the end of the war there were more than 2 million black Americans involved in industry .
-by the end of the war they accounted from 8 per cent of defence industry jobs whereas before the way they did hold only 3 per cent.
-government employed 200000 black Americans more than 3 times the number before the war
-black workers did generally only earn one half of what white workers earned.
-there was an increase in racial tension, which would lead to riots in 47 cities.
-trade union movement increased and black membership did rise from 15000 in 1935 to 1.25 million in 1945.

Question 76

what was the treatment like of black Americans in the war and what contribution did them make?

Answer 76

black Americans were given sometimes the most dangerous jobs, of loading ammunition onto ships bound for war zones. for example in 1944 a horrific accident did occur killing 323 people most of them black soldiers.
-tuskegee arimen did win a great acclaim acting as fighter escorts for us bombers
-761st tank battalion also won the acclaim in the battle of the buldge and received praise from general patron. the battalion nickname was the black panthers.
-when black soldiers were injured only blood from black soldiers could be used to treat them. people were scared it would mongrelise the usa
- before 1944 black soldiers were not allowed into combat in the marines.

Question 77

when did desegregation come?

Answer 77

desegregation did come in the navy in 1946 and the other services in 1948.
-by 1955 the army had changed from being one of the most segregated organisation in the country to the most successfully integrated.