america foreign policy

Question 1

what was the Monroe doctrine?

Answer 1

president James Monroe did make four basic points in the Monroe doctrine
-the united states would not interfere in European affairs
-the untied states recognised and would not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas
- the western hemisphere was closed to future colonisation
-if a European power tried to interfere with any nation in the Americas, that would be viewed as a hostile act against the united states

Question 2

why was the monroe doctrine important?

Answer 2

-it was important as it would be changed and adapted through time by other presidents. it would be adapted broken and become the basis of American imperialism.

Question 3

what happened in the Monroe doctrine in 1823?

Answer 3

-in 1823 spain south america colonies were struggling for independence president Monroe
-declared that the usa would not tolerate any intervention in the affairs of the Americans by European powers or any further colonisation
-made it clear that the usa would not interfere in Europe or any existing European colonies not in rebellion

Question 4

why was the Monroe doctrine not enforceable?

Answer 4

-the public statement was symbolic rather than real at the time americans did not have the military power to enforce it.
-british diplomacy and the power of the royal navy that prevented European intervention in south america.
-Monroe announcement however did become an important influence on American foreign policy

Question 5

what was the manifest destiny?

Answer 5

manifest destiny was the westward expansion of the usa in the niteenth centaury.
-the phrase polarised the idea that the united states was intended to seize and control the whole north America continent.
- combining a justification for aggression against native Indians and Mexicans and a missionary drive to export us democracy and liberty.
-manifest destiny did power the absorption of huge western territories into the usa, texas California and oregon in the 1840s and later the vast indian territories of the west.

Question 6

what was the manifest destiny?

Answer 6

the westward expansion of the usa, was summed up in the phrase manifest destiny
-there was a tradition of purchasing land from European powers. for example Lousanna in 1803 and Alaska in 1867.
-involvement in this continental expansion and recovery from the civil war deterred the usa from significant involvement in international affairs.

Question 7

what change was there in the late nineteenth centaury?

Answer 7

americas economy boomed and the country rapidly industrialised, aided by its own abundant natural resources and a new railway network.
-gnp quadrupled from 9$ billion in 1869-73 to $37 bullion between 1867 and 1901.
-around 30% of the world manufactured good were made in the usa by 1900
-the usa had in a short amount of time become the leading industrial nation of the world. second to Britain as a major financial power.
-economic considerations were important as the usa would need access to world markets.

Question 8

what change was there in the late nineteenth centaury?

Answer 8

-increased trade did mean that america would need a stronger navy to protect its trade and overseas base to protect its growing global intress
-in 1885 america had a very small navy. by 1905 it had the third largest in the world behind Britain and germany.

Question 9

what change was there in the late nineteenth centaury?

Answer 9

-this time did see a surge in European imperialism. large European powers were expanding in africa and asia and acquiring island bases in the major oceans.
-influential Americans now questioned whether isolationism was in Americas best inrest. this was allied t the growing popularity of social Darwinism. If the usa did not expand it would decline. popular theories about the racial superiority of the Anglo saxon race held away.

Question 10

what change was there in the late nineteenth centaury?

Answer 10

-during this time america did acquire new bases in the pacific in samoa and Hawaii.
-annexation of Hawaii in 1898 including a naval base at pearl harbour eventually went ahead after five years of argument in congress about the mortality of the venture.
-American foreign policy was becoming increasingly assertive.

Question 11

what is imperialism?

Answer 11

the drive primally by European powers to acquire administer and develop less advanced territories for prestige as well as economic and strategic reasons.

Question 12

what is social Darwinism?

Answer 12

a theory inspired by charles darwin theory of evolution which asserted that human history should be seen as the survival of the fittest. it was particularly important in fostering ideas of white racial superiority.

Question 13

how did the Spanish american war come about?

Answer 13

Spanish colonies in cuba and the Philippines did become increasingly difficult to rule. cuban indepdence fighters staged rebellions between 1868 and 1878.
-american tariff on sugar in 1894 plunged the Cuban economy into chaos, prompting another rebellion against Spanish rule in 1895.
-there was strong support for the rebellion from the American public, politicians and newspapers, particularly hearsts new York journal.

Question 14

how was the Spanish American war declared?

Answer 14

in February 1898 an American battleship uss marine blew up in Havana harbour killing 260 American sailors.
-explosion was never explain but spain was blamed
-the American press whipped up the public hysteria on the issue to such a pitch that when spain refused to give cuba indepdence president McKinley asked congress to declare war in april 1898.

Question 15

what happened in the spansih american war and how long did it last?

Answer 15

-war did only last four months
-usa was fortunate that spains antiquated navy and incompetently led army were no match for the modern ships fo the us vany and the small enthusiastic us army that invaded cuba.
-at the battle of sau juan hill the sucess of a volunteer regiment by theordre Roosevelt did make its leader a hero.

Question 16

what did the peace treaty mean?

Answer 16

the peace treaty signed in paris in December 1898 recognised cuban indepdence and the american annexation of the Philippines, Puerto rico and the pacific island of Guam.

Question 17

As a result of the peace treaty and the spanish american war what had America acquired an empire of?

Answer 17

-acquisition did prompt a debate about the mortality of the empire, not only in the Seante but also in the 1900 presidential election
-the annexation of the Philippines was controversial was it against the spirit of the declaration of indepdence? would it involve the usa in foreign conflict? would it lead to expenditure?
-despite this there was a surge in national pride following the successful war. the commercial and strategic advantage of empire and the prevalence of racial arguments about the superiority of the white race won the day.

Question 18

As a result of the peace treaty and the Spanish American war what had America acquired an empire of?

Answer 18

The fillipines were not necessarily exchanged Spanish rulers for Americans. A full scale revolt against American rule began in febuary 1899 and lasted three years. It involved 70000 American troops far more than in the 1898 war and the expenditure of $170 million. Like most guerrilla wars it involved brutality and savagery. claiming 4,200 Americans lives and thousands more Filipinos.
-Eventually American control was established but the Aquisition’s of the Philippines had borne out the worst fears of the anti imperialists about the potential liabilities.

Question 19

what was the cause of the Spanish American war?

Answer 19

C-ubans rebel against Spanish winning us sympathy..
-yellow press inflames opinion against Spain
-Maine explodes

Question 20

what were the events of the Spanish America war?

Answer 20

-Dewey destroys Spanish fleet
-Filipino nationalists defeat the Spanish army
-united states army wins in cuba in 1898
-united states occupies Puerto Rico

Question 21

what were the effects of the Spanish American war?

Answer 21

-united states acquires Philippines
-Spain gives up control of cuba Puerto rico and guam
-debate occurs about imperialism
-us empire is greatly expanded

Question 22

How did the spanish american war come about?

Answer 22

war clouds loom
cubans had been under spanish rule since the landing of columbus in 1492.
The people of cuba wanted their indepdence
- In 1868 they staged a revolt that was put down ten years later
-In 1895 a new revolt broke out
spain was not happy

Question 23

what was cuba history?

Answer 23

-The native amerindian population of cuba did begin to decline after the European discovery of the isalnd by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centauries.
-large numbers of African slaves were imported to work for coffee and sugar plantations with Havana becoming the launching point of the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and peru.
-Spanish rule did provoke an independence movement and rebellions that were harshly supressed. Us intervention during the war in 1898 assisted the cuban in overthrowing spnaish rule. The 1901 platt amendment to the cuban constitution authorized the us to intervene in cuba in the event of instability.
-The treaty of paris established cuban independence from the us in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians.

Question 24

what happened to cuba before the war?

Answer 24

spain did have a policy of reconcentration which forced the movement of large numbers of people into detention camps for military or political reasons.
After 200000 cubans died in the camps. Cuban exile Jose Marti appealed to the united states for help.

Question 25

why were american sympathetic to the Cuban cause?

Answer 25

-The cause drew a parrallel to americas struggle for freedom against the british
-geographically close
-media dramatized events.

others who had invested into cuba wanted the us to intervent to protect their intrests/ investements
American investors were tied to sugar and rice plantations rail roads and iron mines.

Question 26

What was the power of the newspaper?

Answer 26

Despite all the negative news coming from cuba neither Cleveland nor president Mickinley would intervene.
Newspapers publishers William Randolph heart and joseph pulitzer tried to provoke American citizen’s to call for war.
‘ you furnish the pictures. I’ll furnish the war’’ w.r Hearst
Through yellow journalism they ran headlines and stories that played on the horrors in cuba.
Finally when fighting broke out in Havana Cuban capital city mickinley sent the battleship Maine to protect americas lives and property.

Question 27

what is yellow journalism?

Answer 27

It is a style of reporting and displaying news in a sensational way that distorts the truth.
joseph pultizer was publisher of the new york world
‘’ blood on he roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood’’
William Randolph hearts was published of the new york journal.
‘’ feeding prisoners to the sharks’’

Question 28

what was one of the key events that did ultimately lead to the Spanish American war?

Answer 28

On February 15, 1898, the great ship exploded and sank, taking the lives of 260 men.
Americans blamed Spain, and “REMEMBER THE MAINE” became the battle cry for revenge

Question 29

How did the usa end up going to war?

Answer 29

Although President McKinley wanted to make peace with Spain, he finally gave in and asked Congress to declare war on April 11, 1898.
Surprisingly, the first battle was fought NOT in Cuba, but in the Philippines, another Spanish colony.

Question 30

what happened during the war?

Answer 30

Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt believed the war would expand, so he telegraphed Commodore George Dewey to move American ships to the Philippines.
Dewey then received help from a Philippine rebel leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, who was already fighting to rid his land of Spanish rule.
Americans soon took control of the islands

Question 31

How did america win the war?

Answer 31

-one of the key factors was that when us attacked spain in the Philippines america were advantageous with better ships and technology.

Question 32

what happened when the war shifted to cuba?

Answer 32

When the war shifted to Cuba, the main fighting took place near the city of Santiago and at sea.
Theodore Roosevelt, who had given up his navy post, led the Rough Riders unit in a successful charge up San Juan Hill, which became a highlight of the war.

Question 33

How did cuba fall?

Answer 33

The U.S. Navy then destroyed the Spanish fleet trapped in Santiago Harbor.
Within two weeks, the Spanish surrendered Cuba.
The United States then focused their attention on Puerto Rico
U.S. forces invaded Spanish controlled Puerto Rico and quickly brought it under U.S. command.

Question 34

what happened in December 1898?

Answer 34

In December 1898, the United States and Spain signed a peace treaty.
The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War was called the Treaty of Paris.
Cuba gained its independence, but not the true independence it sought (the U.S. now has control of the island)
The United States paid Spain $20 million and took control of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and the Pacific islands of Guam and Wake.
“A Splendid Little War” = The Spanish-American War
Fighting lasted about four months
Less then 400 Americans dead from combat while more than 4,000 dead from disease and spoiled food.

Question 35

why were some americans angry with the war?

Answer 35

Many Americans said taking colonies violated the principle of the Declaration of Independence.
Also, acquiring colonies brought the risk of future wars.
Expand means to get bigger.
Reasons for imperialism- Political, Economic, Religious, Military, Social.
Many Americans were unhappy about acquiring colonies, but not the expansionists.
They were eager to open new businesses and to spread the idea of democratic government.

Question 36

what happened as a result of the war?

Answer 36

The United States replaced Spain as a colonial power in the Caribbean.
Cuba was independent in name ONLY.
Congress forced the Cuban government to adopt the Platt Amendment in its constitution.
This amendment limited Cuba’s power and made it a U.S. protectorate
An independent country whose policies are controlled by an outside power.

Question 37

what was the post war relations between usa and cuba?

Answer 37

-relationship not good after the us forced cuba to adopt rules that favoured the interests of the us.
-set up rules to protect us businesses in cuba
-cubans did not appreciate this treatment.

Question 38

what was the foraker act of 1900?

Answer 38

This act gave Puerto Rico limited self-rule, and its people became U.S. citizens.
However, many of the islanders wanted their freedom.

Question 39

what happened in the Philippines as a result of the war?

Answer 39

In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo, still seeking independence from foreign rule, led a revolt that resulted in many deaths.
Who was this revolt against?
The United States of America

The U.S. felt the Philippines wasn’t ready for self rule, plus (imperialists/expansionists) saw the potential of the islands location and resources.

In 1901, he was captured and the fighting ended!!!!!