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Consciousness quis Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following best describes the state of “flow”?

A

immersion

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2
Q

The delusional, illogical nature of dreams likely results in large part from

A

deactivation of the prefrontal cortex during sleep.

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3
Q

Suppose the shapes in an advertisement subtly spell out a positive word, which most people do not notice. The advertisers are using

A

subliminal perception.

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4
Q

What information would be most helpful for determining whether someone had experienced brain death versus unresponsive wakefulness syndrome?

A

whether the person shows any brain activity

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5
Q

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A

The person’s body is asleep, but the person’s brain is active.

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6
Q

Which of the following people is most likely to experience insomnia?

A

an older woman

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7
Q

According to modern research, which of the following influence(s) the content of dreams?

A

daily experiences

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8
Q

DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state. Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?

A

deliberate eye movements

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9
Q

A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called

A

hypnosis.

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10
Q

After a period of sleep deprivation, you would expect a person to exhibit

A

microsleeps.

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11
Q

A person with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome ________ while a person with brain death

A

shows normal sleep/wake patterns; does not show normal sleep/wake patterns

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12
Q

Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A

frontal cortex

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13
Q

As you get older, you have fewer (less) ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A

sleep spindles

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14
Q

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis differs from the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis in that it asserts that

A

hypnosis is an altered state.

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15
Q

John snores loudly and often wakes up gasping for air. He is most likely suffering from

A

obstructive sleep apnea.

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16
Q

Sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. He asks if this could be possible. Based on what you know about dream behavior, you are likely to

A

disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication.

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17
Q

A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely

A

in stage 1 sleep.

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18
Q

In one study, a large number of patients were assigned to practice transcendental meditation or to complete an educational program. The transcendental meditation group experienced improvement on a number of health measures relative to the education group. The researchers are now designing a new study to rule out alternative explanations for the findings. Which of the following changes to the study design would best address the main alternative explanations?

A

Add a relaxation control group.

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19
Q

In Freud’s book, The Interpretation of Dreams, the part of a dream that is remembered is referred to as ________ content.

A

manifest

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20
Q

A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called

A

hypnosis.

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21
Q

Which of the following is most commonly a part of meditation?

A

focusing attention on one particular thing, such as one’s breathing pattern

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22
Q

“Brain death” is said to occur when activity stops

A

everywhere in the brain.

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23
Q

While at a party, a friend tells you that he thinks his brain only processes one thing at a time. To demonstrate that he is wrong, you later stand nearby and, while he is engaged in another conversation, say out loud

A

his name

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24
Q

Which animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns?

A

dolphin

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25
Q

Suppose you want to test if some of your dreams are mundane. To check this, you should ask a friend to wake you during

A

non-REM sleep.

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26
Q

Hypnosis, meditation, and drug use allow an individual to

A

alter consciousness.

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27
Q

According to research on hypnosis, what is the most important factor for hypnosis to work?

A

the suggestibility of the individual who is to be hypnotized

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28
Q

Which of the following is true about non-REM sleep and dreams?

A

Dreams during non-REM sleep are likely to be mundane.

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29
Q

Eiling is about to undergo surgery. Her surgeon gives her a questionnaire and finds that she is low in hypnotic suggestibility. Which of the following is most likely to be effective for reducing Eiling’s pain after surgery?

A

opiates

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30
Q

According to the sociocognitive theory, hypnosis is

A

a social act.

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31
Q

Regarding escapist pursuits, which of the following statements is true?

A

Escapist activities can be helpful, harmless, or detrimental.

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32
Q

Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A

frontal cortex

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33
Q

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A

stage 2

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34
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with receiving lower test scores?

A

sitting next to someone who is taking notes on a laptop during class

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35
Q

Which of the following is usually NOT an example of consciousness?

A

daydreaming

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36
Q

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream

A

is the dream you remember having

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37
Q

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether Terri was

A

in a minimally conscious state.

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38
Q

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis differs from the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis in that it asserts that

A

hypnosis is an altered state.

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39
Q

As you get older, you have fewer (less) ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A

sleep spindles

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40
Q

The restorative theory is used to explain which of the following phenomena?

A

sleep

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41
Q

Sleep deprivation can increase the activation of ________ receptors in the brain, which in turn can alleviate symptoms of ________.

A

serotonin; depression

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42
Q

One example of an automatic process is

A

Walking

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43
Q

Which of the following must be the case for a stimulus to have an effect on behavior?

A

A person must perceive the stimulus.

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44
Q

What brain region(s) have been linked to narcolepsy?

A

hypotalamus

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45
Q

Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT

A

automatic processing.

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46
Q

Which of the following is most characteristic of REM sleep?

A

dreaming

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47
Q

Suppose you have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

A

REM-sleep

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48
Q

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis differs from the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis in that it asserts that

A

hypnosis is an altered state.

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49
Q

Jasmin is a talented guitarist, while Luis is a gifted chef. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to give Jasmin and Luis a sense of “flow”?

A

Jasmin will experience flow while practicing guitar, while Luis will experience flow while cooking.

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50
Q

Which of the following provides the strongest support for the global workspace model?

A

A hemineglect patient is not aware that she is missing part of the visual world.

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51
Q

Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT

A

automatic processing.

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52
Q

In order to remember your dreams, you decide to have a friend wake you up when you are likely to be dreaming. To maximize the chance of this happening, your friend should wake you up

A

after 90 minutes.

53
Q

In order to most effectively alter behavior, subliminal messages should target a person’s

A

motivational state.

54
Q

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A

Stage 2

55
Q

After a short period of unconsciousness, Janine is showing signs of mental confusion, dizziness, and memory problems. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms?

A

concussion

56
Q

Based on the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text, which early psychologist(s) would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in modern psychology?

A

both James and Titchener

57
Q

The difference between concentrative meditation and mindfulness meditation is that

A

mindfulness meditation involves listening to free-flowing thoughts without responding; concentrative meditation focuses attention on mental images or one particular thing.

58
Q

You find your friend sleeping and wake her up, but she denies she was sleeping. Your friend was likely in which stage of sleep?

A

stage 1

59
Q

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for insomnia?

A

drug therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

60
Q

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream

A

is the dream you remember having.

61
Q

Which of the following is true about subliminal perception?

A

Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.

62
Q

Which of the following is considered a form of meditation?

A

mindfulness

63
Q

According to the ________ model, consciousness should be a function of ___

A

global workspace; which brain circuits are active

64
Q

Occasionally, Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer. Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder?

A

narcolepsy

65
Q

Based on the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text, which early psychologist(s) would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in modern psychology?

A

both James and Titchener

66
Q

The SLEEPLESS gene regulates a protein that reduces ________ in the brain.

A

action potentials

67
Q

How do successive REM periods change as the night progresses?

A

Successive REM periods become longer.

68
Q

John snores loudly and often wakes up gasping for air. He is most likely suffering from

A

obstructive sleep apnea.

69
Q

Regarding escapist pursuits, which of the following statements is true?

A

Escapist activities can be helpful, harmless, or detrimental.

70
Q

Which of the following is true about REM and dreams?

A

Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be bizarre.

71
Q

One example of an automatic process is

A

walking.

72
Q

Which of the following provides the strongest support for the global workspace model?

A

A hemineglect patient is not aware that she is missing part of the visual world.

73
Q

Suppose you want to test if some of your dreams are mundane. To check this, you should ask a friend to wake you during

A

non-REM sleep.

74
Q

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A

stage 2

75
Q

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A

The person’s body is asleep, but the person’s brain is active.

76
Q

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a

A

Dualist

77
Q

A Freudian slip is presumed to be a(n)

A

unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.

78
Q

Which of the following abilities is most impaired during sleep?

A

experiencing conscious awareness

79
Q

Which of the following is most characteristic of REM sleep?

A

dreaming

80
Q

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for insomnia?

A

drug therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

81
Q

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream

A

is the dream you remember having.

82
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with receiving lower test scores?

A

sitting next to someone who is taking notes on a laptop during class

83
Q

Circadian rhythms can best be described as

A

biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle.

84
Q

If you were given an EEG while you were awake and alert, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

A

beta waves

85
Q

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation?

A

depression

86
Q

Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT

A

automatic processing.

87
Q

Eiling is about to undergo surgery. Her surgeon gives her a questionnaire and finds that she is low in hypnotic suggestibility. Which of the following is most likely to be effective for reducing Eiling’s pain after surgery?

A

opiates

88
Q

Which of the following is most heavily involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A

frontal cortex

89
Q

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether Terri was

A

in a minimally conscious state.

90
Q

The study by Wheatley and Haidt (2005), in which individuals were given posthypnotic suggestions to feel disgust over a certain word, provided evidence that posthypnotic suggestions

A

may actually have an influence on behavior.

91
Q

Suppose the shapes in an advertisement subtly spell out a positive word, which most people do not notice. The advertisers are using

A

subliminal perception

92
Q

In Freud’s book, The Interpretation of Dreams, the part of a dream that is remembered is referred to as ________ content.

A

manifest

93
Q

Suppose that while a man is asking you for directions, a large framed picture is moved between the two of you. You are most likely to notice that he has now been swapped with a different man if he is

A

in the same social group as you.

94
Q

Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome?

A

After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.

95
Q

A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called

A

hypnosis

96
Q

You find your friend sleeping and wake her up, but she denies she was sleeping. Your friend was likely in which stage of sleep?

A

stage1

97
Q

In the technique known as shadowing, research participants repeat back

A

words heard in one ear.

98
Q

In one study, a large number of patients were assigned to practice transcendental meditation or to complete an educational program. The transcendental meditation group experienced improvement on a number of health measures relative to the education group. Which of the following criticisms best applies to this study?

A

The study did not show what aspect of transcendental meditation produced the health benefits.

99
Q

Sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. He asks if this could be possible. Based on what you know about dream behavior, you are likely to

A

disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication.

100
Q

Owen and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of a normal individual imagining playing tennis. What does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?

A

Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.

101
Q

In order to remember your dreams, you decide to have a friend wake you up when you are likely to be dreaming. To maximize the chance of this happening, your friend should wake you up

A

after 90 minutes

102
Q

According to the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are

A

acting out what they believe is expected of them.

103
Q

While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that

A

automatic processes do not require awareness.

104
Q

As you get older, you have fewer (less) ________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A

sleep spindles

105
Q

Which of the following is usually NOT an example of consciousness?

A

daydreaming

106
Q

A mental procedure that focuses attention on an external object or sense of awareness is called

A

meditation.

107
Q

Which of the following is a major cause of insomnia?

A

worrying about sleep

108
Q

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra 4 hours after running a marathon?

A

restorative theory

109
Q

“Brain death” is said to occur when activity stops

A

everywhere in the brain.

110
Q

Suppose a patient is fully conscious after waking from a coma, but is unable to move any part of her body except for her eyelids. This patient is experiencing

A

locked-in syndrome.

111
Q

Which of the following is closest to being the opposite of narcolepsy?

A

REM behavior disorder

112
Q

Your friend has a young child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look. The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning. Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder. Based on your knowledge of sleep, you reply that the child most likely

A

is sleepwalking, and this condition is typical for her age group.

113
Q

Which of the following is most likely to produce a sense of flow?

A

a somewhat challenging concrete task

114
Q

While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that

A

automatic processes do not require awareness.

115
Q

According to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, people under hypnosis

A

experience a trancelike state in which there is separation or dissociation from conscious awareness.

116
Q

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as

A

subliminal perception.

117
Q

Suppose your friend has been sleep deprived for two straight days. You would expect him to be impaired on

A

mundane tasks.

118
Q

Which of the following actions requires the most conscious awareness?

A

following GPS directions

119
Q

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a

A

dualist.

120
Q

Owen and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of a normal individual imagining playing tennis. What does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?

A

Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.

121
Q

Which of the following is true about subliminal perception?

A

Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.

122
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of an altered state of consciousness?

A

distraction

123
Q

After appearing to emerge from a coma, a patient is considered to be experiencing unresponsive wakefulness syndrome if she regains her ability to respond to external stimuli after one

A

month

124
Q

Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome?

A

After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.

125
Q

Subliminal perception is best categorized as a type of

A

information processing occurring outside awareness.

126
Q

Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT

A

automatic processing.

127
Q

Which of the following is true about subliminal perception?

A

Subliminal messages have little, if any, effect on behavior.

128
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the adaptive nature of sleep is NOT true?

A

Sleep evolved relatively recently in human history.

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