chapter 2 quis Flashcards

1
Q

The variable that a researcher measures in an experiment to see if it has changed after a treatment is called the

A

dependent variable.

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for research participants in the United States?

A

You will not be deceived during the research study.

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3
Q

Which of the following types of studies allows the researcher to establish causality between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

A

experiments

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4
Q

One of the four main goals of science is explanation. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to explain

A

why a behavior occurs.

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5
Q

Socially desirable responding is a potential problem in research because it may

A

interfere with the integrity of data.

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6
Q

The process by which any deception used in a study is explained to a participant is called

A

debriefing.

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7
Q

If you created a scatterplot of your data, what type of statistic would you have computed?

A

correlation

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8
Q

When people are aware of being observed, they might change their behaviors. This phenomenon illustrates

A

reactivity.

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9
Q

Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets the treatment is the ________ group.

A

experimental

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10
Q

Suppose a research study does a good job at making sure the results generalize to the real world, but does NOT do a good job preventing confounds. This research study

A

has external validity but not internal validity.

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11
Q

Researchers have found that taller people tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than shorter people. This pattern of data reflects

A

a positive correlation.

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12
Q

Clara is working on a study to examine shy children’s behavior with peers they have not met before. She is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if her theory is supported by the data. In what process is she engaged?

A

the scientific method

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13
Q

Suppose you just found out that you are required to participate in research as part of your psychology class, but you feel uncomfortable about it. What should you do?

A

Find out about alternative assignments you can do to fulfill the requirement.

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14
Q

When researchers collect data in a study, if they unconsciously code a person’s behavior to match their expectations, we say there is

A

an observer bias.

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15
Q

Something that can be measured or manipulated by an experimenter is considered

A

a variable.

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16
Q

Unintended differences between the groups in an experiment reflect ________ bias; these differences stem from a failure to follow the principle of random

A

selection; assignment

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17
Q

A study of the experiences of a synesthete (e.g., a person who experiences a visual sensation when hearing a sound) is likely to make use of

A

a case study.

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18
Q

Carlos reads an article looking for a measure of central tendency. Which of the following might he find?

A

the median

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19
Q

Suppose a researcher intended to study people’s levels of happiness by monitoring how often they smile or laugh when watching a movie. If this measurement truly indicates level of happiness, psychologists would say that the data are

A

valid

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20
Q

A researcher believes that presenting possible suspects in a lineup one at a time instead of in a group would lead to more accurate identification of the true suspect. This belief represents a(n)

A

hypothesis.

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21
Q

Unintended differences between the groups in an experiment may introduce confounds; these differences reflect a condition known as ________ bias.

A

selection

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22
Q

Dr. Sherman is studying marital relationships and wants to be able to determine which types of couples are at the highest risk for divorce. Which of the four primary goals of science is he addressing?

A

prediction

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23
Q

There is a correlation between depression and memory: When people suffer from depression frequently, they often display worse memory than people who suffer from depression less frequently. Genetics, however, may have an effect on a study participant’s depression and memory. This combination of factors is known as

A

the third variable problem.

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24
Q

When a researcher debriefs his or her participants, he or she

A

provides a detailed explanation of the study’s goals.

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25
Q

If a researcher defined happiness based on the number of times a person smiled in a 15-minute period, the number of smiles would be

A

the operational definition of happiness.

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26
Q

In observational studies, participants sometimes show reactivity. A related phenomenon in self-report studies is called

A

socially desirable responding.

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27
Q

How do theories reflect the law of parsimony?

A

Good theories tend to be the simplest explanations that fit the data.

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28
Q

If a research study is published in a peer-reviewed journal, you can assume that

A

the study was appropriately designed and conducted in an ethical manner.

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29
Q

According to the text, animal models may be considered ethical for psychological research i

A

concern for animals’ lives is balanced with concern for humanity’s future.

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30
Q

Students who study little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors. If a researcher collected data on both amount of studying and test scores, he or she would likely spot a(n)

A

negative correlation.

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31
Q

Keisha has just analyzed her preliminary data and found an exciting result. How should she share her initial findings?

A

present her findings at a scientific conference or poster session

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32
Q

If you list a set of scores from the lowest value to the highest, then take the middle value to indicate what a typical score is, you are using the

A

median

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33
Q

If a researcher was denied permission to conduct a study because participants might suffer harm, that decision would have been made by the

A

institutional review board.

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34
Q

A store owner wants to make sure she has enough shirts in the right sizes in her inventory, so she buys a lot of shirts in the most popular size. In order to make this purchase, what type of statistic would she want to know?

A

mode

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35
Q

Jose is interested in manipulating genes that are linked to Alzheimer’s disease in mouse embryos. What must he consider before beginning his research?

A

whether the information he will obtain is important enough to justify the inclusion of animals

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36
Q

Miranda is statistically combining the results of all the published studies on the effects of the presence of a weapon on eyewitness accuracy. In other words, Miranda is performing a(n)

A

meta-analysis.

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37
Q

One of the four main goals of science is control. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to control

A

the causes of a phenomenon.

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38
Q

What is the main characteristic that sets case studies apart from other types of studies?

A

the number of people studied

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39
Q

In scientific research, a researcher’s expectations about a study can lead to systematic errors in observation. This phenomenon is called

A

observer bias.

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40
Q

Dr. Meyers is investigating the relationship between stress and obesity. In his latest study, he found that stress is often associated with overeating and has effects that slow metabolism. Which of the four primary goals of science is he addressing with his most recent work?

A

explanation

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41
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of deception in psychological research?

A

It is occasionally necessary to safeguard the validity of the research.

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42
Q

According to the textbook, which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

A

form a hypothesis, conduct a literature review, design a study, conduct the study, analyze the data, report the results

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43
Q

If a participant always shows fast reaction times on a visual task not because she is good at the task but because she can hear the experimenter start the presentation and can get ready for the stimulus, her data will show a high level of

A

systematic error.

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44
Q

Operational definitions make it possible for researchers to

A

identify variables and record their quantities.

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45
Q

How do theories reflect the law of parsimony?

A

Good theories tend to be the simplest explanations that fit the data.

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46
Q

Socially desirable responding is a potential problem in research because it may

A

interfere with the integrity of data.

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47
Q

Casey is using statistical techniques to examine whether children with autism differ in the amount of self-esteem they report as compared to children without autism. She finds a significant difference, which suggests that the results of her analysis

A

would occur by chance less than 5 percent of the time

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48
Q

If a researcher’s data are reliable,

A

they still might involve a high level of systematic error.

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49
Q

Psychologist Jean Piaget observed children to see how they solved problems. Over the course of many studies, he was able to spot general patterns of behavior. This led him to connect different concepts and behaviors within a single

A

theory.

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50
Q

Dr. Brown is a psychologist who only uses college students as research participants. Her research does NOT involve

A

random sampling.

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51
Q

Another word for “hypothesis” is

A

prediction.

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52
Q

Pablo is conducting research and trying to determine whether he should monitor the presence versus the absence of a behavior or how long a behavior occurs. What approach to research is he most likely using?

A

observational research

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53
Q

The values in a data set span from 60 to 90. If a researcher knows this, then the researcher is aware
of the

A

range

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54
Q

According to the textbook, which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

A

form a hypothesis, conduct a literature review, design a study, conduct the study, analyze the data, report the results

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55
Q

Bai is conducting a study on learning. When she manipulates an independent variable, it is possible that some other factor, such as noise in the hall, can affect learning in one of the groups but not in the other. This possibility reflects the presence of

A

a confound

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56
Q

Jordan designs a study to test whether theory A, B, or C offers a better explanation for human behavior. What process is he engaged in?

A

theory refinement

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57
Q

In which of the following types of study do researchers examine the extent to which variables are naturally related in the real world (that is, there is NO attempt by the researcher to influence the relation among the variables)?

A

correlational

58
Q

Which of the following is likely to be associated with observer bias?

A

experimenter expectancy

59
Q

When an experiment lacks the proper control, which of the following unintended variables can influence the outcome of a study?

A

confound

60
Q

One of the four main goals of science is description. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to describe

A

what a phenomenon is.

61
Q

Which of the following activities would NOT be considered a descriptive study?

A

examining the effects of a new medication in alleviating depression

62
Q

The ethical treatment of animals is important to consider for

A

any study using animals.

63
Q

Clara is working on a study to examine shy children’s behavior with peers they have not met before. She is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if her theory is supported by the data. In what process is she engaged?

A

the scientific method

64
Q

If a researcher shared the email addresses of study participants with an advertising agency not involved in the study, that researcher would be guilty of violating what specific ethical principle?

A

confidentiality

65
Q

Socially desirable responding is a potential problem in research because it may

A

interfere with the integrity of data.

66
Q

According to the textbook, which of the following lists the steps of conducting a study in the correct order?

A

decide on sample size and type, recruit participants, and collect data

67
Q

In order to maximize the likelihood that experimental and control groups are similar before any treatment is begun, researchers typically use

A

random assignment.

68
Q

Paloma randomly assigns participants to two groups. She wants to compare a group that receives a treatment with a group that receives no treatment. The group that gets no treatment is the ________ group.

A

control

69
Q

The ethical treatment of animals is important to consider for

A

any study using animals.

70
Q

A research team told one group of people it would hear a set of jokes that were funny and a second group that it would hear jokes that were not funny. A third group was not told anything about the jokes. The jokes in all conditions were the same. Research conducted with this design is

A

experimental.

71
Q

Another word for “replicate” is

A

repeat

72
Q

If you created a scatterplot of your data, what type of statistic would you have computed?

A

correlation

73
Q

In which of the following studies would the concept of reactivity be most relevant?

A

an observational study

74
Q

The values in a data set span from 60 to 90. If a researcher knows this, then the researcher is aware
of the

A

range.

75
Q

In which of the following types of descriptive studies does a researcher remain separated from the situation and make no attempt to change it?

A

naturalistic observation

76
Q

Which of the following is closest to a perfect positive correlation?

A

0,98

77
Q

Dr. Rodriguez is talking with a colleague about the students and staff that are granted access to data collected in his experiment. With which ethical issue is he concerned?

A

confidentiality

78
Q

Dr. Sherman is studying marital relationships and wants to be able to determine which types of couples are at the highest risk for divorce. Which of the four primary goals of science is he addressing

A

prediction

79
Q

The most frequently occurring score in a data set is known as the

A

mode

80
Q

Research has shown that some types of behavioral or psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among people with low levels of education. This pattern of data is best represented by

A

negative correlations

81
Q

As Dr. O’Malley begins an experiment, he reviews the factors that might affect participants’ willingness to take part. Dr. Quick is providing a detailed explanation to participants who have just completed a study. Which of the following statements is true?

A

Dr. O’Malley is obtaining informed consent from his participants; Dr. Quick is debriefing her participants.

82
Q

Dr. Rodriguez is talking with a colleague about the students and staff that are granted access to data collected in his experiment. With which ethical issue is he concerned?

A

confidentiality

83
Q

Which of the following is an example of a statement describing risks and benefits that one might encounter before participating in a research study?

A

Participants will be compensated for their time, and they may experience some discomfort when answering study questions

84
Q

An institutional review board is most likely to approve which of the following studies?

A

a laboratory study in which participants watch a sad video and answer questions about their mood

85
Q

Wilhelm randomly assigns participants to two groups and compares the group that receives a treatment with the group that receives no treatment. The group that gets the treatment is the ________ group.

A

experimental

86
Q

According to the textbook, the best way to become a critical thinker is to

A

practice the skill in classes and in everyday life.

87
Q

According to the textbook, if you wanted to conduct observational research, but you were concerned that the people you observed would change their behaviors due to reactivity, you could

A

use a blinded study.

88
Q

In correlational studies, we cannot interpret which variable may be the cause and which variable may be the effect. This phenomenon is known as

A

the directionality problem.

89
Q

Other words for “theory” are

A

explanation or model.

90
Q

If a researcher’s data are reliable,

A

they still might involve a high level of systematic error.

91
Q

Keisha has just analyzed her preliminary data and found an exciting result. How should she share her initial findings?

A

present her findings at a scientific conference or poster session

92
Q

Dr. Smith reads about a research study investigating whether a reading intervention has a positive effect on children’s performances in school. She decides to repeat the same study to see if she obtains similar results. She is engaging in

A

replication.

93
Q

Pablo is conducting research and trying to determine whether he should monitor the presence versus the absence of a behavior or how long a behavior occurs. What approach to research is he most likely using?

A

observational research

94
Q

George is looking for a research project. He could use a theory because

A

one of the benefits of theories is that they lead to testable hypotheses.

95
Q

A researcher studying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is gathering information on how many children receive an ADHD diagnosis each year. Which of the four primary goals of science is she addressing?

A

description

96
Q

Which of the following best represents a medium negative correlation?

A

-0,53

97
Q

Which of the following types of studies allows the researcher to establish causality between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

A

experiments

98
Q

There is a correlation between depression and memory: When people suffer from depression frequently, they often display worse memory than people who suffer from depression less frequently. Genetics, however, may have an effect on a study participant’s depression and memory. This combination of factors is known as

A

the third variable problem.

99
Q

A study of the experiences of a synesthete (e.g., a person who experiences a visual sensation when hearing a sound) is likely to make use of

A

a case study.

100
Q

Keisha has just analyzed her preliminary data and found an exciting result. How should she share her initial findings?

A

present her findings at a scientific conference or poster session

101
Q

In correlational studies, we cannot interpret which variable may be the cause and which variable may be the effect. This phenomenon is known as

A

the directionality problem.

102
Q

In order to maximize the likelihood that experimental and control groups are similar before any treatment is begun, researchers typically use

A

random assignment.

103
Q

How is a meta-analysis different from other types of studies?

A

A meta-analysis combines many studies into one analysis.

104
Q

Dr. Meyers is investigating the relationship between stress and obesity. In his latest study, he found that stress is often associated with overeating and has effects that slow metabolism. Which of the four primary goals of science is he addressing with his most recent work?

A

explanation

105
Q

The systematic recording of overt behavior of human and nonhuman animals in their natural environment involves what research strategy?

A

observational techniques

106
Q

When an experiment lacks the proper control, which of the following unintended variables can influence the outcome of a study?

A

confound

107
Q

The psychologist Robert Rosenthal told student researchers that some rats in a study would learn a task quickly and others would learn the task slowly. In reality, there was no difference in the rats’ abilities to learn the task. When the students tested the rats, the animals’ learning matched what the students were told. These results reflect the

A

experimenter expectancy effect.

108
Q

Jamal wants to find out whether the customers of his coffee shop prefer that he add booths or keep his tables and chairs. A researcher would likely use what kind of study to help Jamal?

A

self-report

109
Q

The mean, median, and mode are all examples of

A

measures of central tendency.

110
Q

As a critical thinker, what question must you ask yourself first when you read, see, or hear about a new research finding?

A

What is the evidence in support of the conclusions?

111
Q

According to some psychologists, Sigmund Freud’s theory of the meaning of dreams was not a successful theory because

A

it did not lead to many testable hypotheses.

112
Q

According to the textbook, the best way to become a critical thinker is to

A

practice the skill in classes and in everyday life.

113
Q

Psychologists have greater confidence in research results when

A

the results are replicate

114
Q

Clara is working on a study to examine shy children’s behavior with peers they have not met before. She is developing theories, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to determine if her theory is supported by the data. In what process is she engaged?

A

the scientific method

115
Q

Before psychologists can begin a research project with human participants, they must receive approval from the

A

institutional review board.

116
Q

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for research participants in the United States?

A

You will not be deceived during the research study.

117
Q

What does it mean for a theory to be falsifiable?

A

It should be possible to prove the theory incorrect.

118
Q

According to the textbook, which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

A

form a hypothesis, conduct a literature review, design a study, conduct the study, analyze the data, report the results

119
Q

When researchers collect data in a study, if they unconsciously code a person’s behavior to match their expectations, we say there is

A

an observer bias.

120
Q

Bianca saw a headline in her online news feed that read, “Scientists discover a new drug that treats depression.” As a critical thinker, how should Bianca proceed?

A

Read the article to determine the source of the claim.

121
Q

Which of the following is likely to be associated with observer bias?

A

experimenter expectancy

122
Q

A(n) ________ is a specific, testable prediction about the result that, if the theory is correct, will support the theory.

A

hypothesis

123
Q

According to the textbook, the best way to become a critical thinker is to

A

practice the skill in classes and in everyday life.

124
Q

A researcher interested in pigeon behavior discovers that the pigeons behave differently whenever they are being observed by a research assistant. This is called

A

the Hawthorne effect.

125
Q

If a researcher collecting data does NOT know a study’s hypothesis, the study is a ________ study.

A

blind

126
Q

What type of study can be described as a “study of studies”?

A

meta-analysis

127
Q

According to the textbook, the best way to become a critical thinker is to

A

practice the skill in classes and in everyday life.

128
Q

One of the four main goals of science is explanation. The main goal of scientists addressing this goal is to explain

A

why a behavior occurs.

129
Q

If a researcher shared the email addresses of study participants with an advertising agency not involved in the study, that researcher would be guilty of violating what specific ethical principle?

A

confidentiality

130
Q

A group of policymakers is working to address issues of public safety in a residential neighborhood by increasing police presence. Which of the four primary goals of science are they addressing?

A

control

131
Q

Operational definitions make it possible for researchers to

A

identify variables and record their quantities.

132
Q

Dr. Meyers is investigating the relationship between stress and obesity. In his latest study, he found that stress is often associated with overeating and has effects that slow metabolism. Which of the four primary goals of science is he addressing with his most recent work?

A

explanation

133
Q

How do theories reflect the law of parsimony?

A

Good theories tend to be the simplest explanations that fit the data.

134
Q

Pablo is conducting research and trying to determine whether he should monitor the presence versus the absence of a behavior or how long a behavior occurs. What approach to research is he most likely using?

A

observational research

135
Q

Before psychologists can begin a research project with human participants, they must receive approval from the

A

institutional review board.

136
Q

Which of the following activities would NOT be considered a descriptive study?

A

examining the effects of a new medication in alleviating depression

137
Q

Keisha has just analyzed her preliminary data and found an exciting result. How should she share her initial findings?

A

present her findings at a scientific conference or poster session

138
Q

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for research participants in the United States?

A

You will not be deceived during the research study.

139
Q

In which of the following types of descriptive studies does a researcher remain separated from the situation and make no attempt to change it?

A

naturalistic observation

140
Q

Operational definitions make it possible for researchers to

A

identify variables and record their quantities.

141
Q

When designing a study, scientists must have which of the following?

A

a theory, a testable hypothesis, and a research method