Consciousness II Flashcards
Is sleep conducive to catabolic or anabolic processes? How so?
Anabolic: Accentuates the development of the immune systems, nervous system, and musculoskeletal systems
T/f - sleep and being under anaesthesia are the same?
False
What environmental factor is circadian rhythms influenced by?
Light
Our circadian rhythm influences …
Inner time-keeping (sleep cycles)
Enzyme release
Neurotransmitter release
What are some metabolic implications of sleep?
Immune system maintenance
Growth
Neuronal maintenance
Cognitive functions
Motor control
What is the function of sleep?
Not clear but necessary to life (especially REM)
Conserving energy
Range of metabolic functions…
- immune system maintenance
- growth
- neuronal maintenance
- cognitive functioning
- motor control
What are the two broad types of sleep in mammals and birds?
REM and NREM
How long does each sleep cycle last?
90 minutes
T/f Sleep is a disorganised and chaotic process?
False, sleep is a highly sequential organised dynamic process
What clinical information can be used to study sleep?
EEG, EOG, EMG
Sleep data including EEG, EOG & EMG can be summarised to make a ….
Hypnogram
What are the characteristics of Stage 1 sleep?
Very brief
Hallucinatory experiences
Falling/floating sensation
No memory
How much of your sleep is occupied in stage 2?
45-55%
What is a sleep spindle? Which stage would you find it?
A burst of brain activity following a muscle twitch (11-16hz)
What are k-complexes? Which stage of sleep would you find them?
A brief negative voltage high peaks of activity - found in stage 2 sleep (just like sleep spindles)
keeps us asleep - suppresses cortical function
How long does stage 2 sleep last?
20 mins approx
What characterises stage 2 sleep?
Sleep spindles
K-complexes
Which stage of sleep may include parasomnias?
Stage 3
What is a parasomnia?
Night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting, sleep talking
How long does stage 3 sleep last?
A few minutes
What characterises stage 3 sleep?
Presence of delta brain waves
What hertz are delta waves?
.5 - 4 hz
Which stage of sleep likely includes muscle/body restoration?
Stage 4
What differentiates stage 3 and stage 4 sleep?
More delta waves (more than 50%)
What stages of sleep follow stage 4 sleep?
Stage 3, stage 2, REM
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: brain activity
NREM- decreases from wakefulness
REM-increases in motor and sensory areas while other area are similar to NREM
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: heart rate
NREM - Slows from wakefulness
REM - increases and varies compared to NREM
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: blood pressure
NREM - decreases from wakefulness
REM - increases (up to 30%) and varies from NREM
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: blood flow to brain
NREM - does not change from wakefulness in most regions
REM - increase by 50 to 200 percent from NREM depending on brain region
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: airway resistance
NREM - increases from wakefulness
REM - increases and varies from wakefulness
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: respiration
NREM - decreases from wakefulness
REM - increases and varies from NREM but may how brief stoppages (apnea); coughing suppressed
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: body temperature
NREM - regulated at lower set point that wakefulness; shivering initiated at lower temperature than during wakefulness
REM - is not regulated; no shivering or sweating; temperature drifts towards that of the local environment
Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: sexual arousal
NREM - occurs infrequently
REM - increases from NREM (male and female)
Erection & Vaginal Lubrication
What is sleep inertia?
Feeling shit if you nap and wake during deep sleep
What percent of total sleep time is REM in adults (and what in babies?)
20-25% (and up to 50% in babies)
What is REM sleep characterised by?
Rapid eye movement and rapid low voltage eeg
What stage of sleep contains descending muscular atonia
REM
What is the term for paralysis that protects the body from self harm during sleep?
Descending muscular atonia
T/F: Snoring occurs predominantly during REM?
False, snoring is rare during REM
Why is REM sleep considered paradoxical?
Externally you appear calm but there is massive internal activity occurring
- Brain activity levels are similar to that of wakefulness
After sleep deprivation, which stages of sleep do we spend more time in?
Stage 3 and Stage 4
Why would one spend more time in slow-wave sleep after sleep deprivation?
Evidence indicates slow-wave sleep aids informations processing and memory consolidation/retention
What are some symptoms of REM sleep deprivation?
Anxiety, increased appetite, irritability
Which stage of sleep is important for survival?
REM - not sure why but potentially to do with role in procedural memory/”clearing out”
Which part of the brain stimulates dreams?
Pons
What is Freuds perspective on dreams?
Dreams are a symbolic representation of the frustrated desires in the subconscious mind e.g
- Unacceptable feelings
- Based on violent/erotic urges
- Safe situation to deal with this material
- Manifest content
- Latent content
- Requires expert interpretation to uncover latent content
What are some general theories on why we dream?
Information processing
Problem solving
Fitting experiences into memory
Analysing and consolidating information
No function, just interpretation of random neural firing
What is the Activation-Synthesis theory of dreams?
Solms: Suggests dreams are generated in forebrain, not brainstem
- REM structures are the same as sensory information generation
- REM and dreams not correlated
- Dreaming similar to waking consciousness - we construct mages to make sense of neural firing
- Thus dreams are a byproduct and meaningless
- Dreams are brain trying to make sense of all the neural firing going on in sleep
what is sleep?
naturally recurring state of reduced consciousness, suspended sensory activity
How many hours of sleep does research suggest is
optimal?
• 5 or less
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9 or more hours of sleep?
CHECK ILECTURE (i was late missed answer)
list some of the many effects of sleep deprivation?
Cognitive impairment
Memory lapses or loss
Impaired moral judgment
Hallucinations
ADHD symptoms
Impaired immune system
Type 2 diabetes
Increased heart rate and risk of heart disease
Increased RT and decreased accuracy
Tremors & aches
Growth suppression
Obesity
Lower body temperature
Link to psychological disorders
EOG means what?
electro-ocular gram
EMG means what?
electro-myo-gram (muscle)
what is a hypnogram?
summary of EEG, EMG and EOG data allowing us to classify sleep stages
alpha waves are found during:
a. stage 1 sleep
b. stage 2
c. stage 3
d. stage 4
e. REM sleep
f. when awake
f
delta waves occur in stage (___) sleep, and are relatively (fast/ slow) with relatively (small/ large) amplitude
3, slow, large
t/f: stage 3 may involve some dreaming
true
as you age, how do sleep stage(s) change?
less stage 4
which stage of sleep are you most difficult to wake?
4
what is the order with which we go through sleep stages?
1
2
3
4
3
2
REM
what brain center is more aligned with REM sleep?
amygdala
What % of REM sleep is associated with dreams?
80-85%
