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Foundations of Psych > Consciousness II > Flashcards

Consciousness II Flashcards

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1
Q

Is sleep conducive to catabolic or anabolic processes? How so?

A

Anabolic: Accentuates the development of the immune systems, nervous system, and musculoskeletal systems

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2
Q

T/f - sleep and being under anaesthesia are the same?

A

False

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3
Q

What environmental factor is circadian rhythms influenced by?

A

Light

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4
Q

Our circadian rhythm influences …

A

Inner time-keeping (sleep cycles)
Enzyme release
Neurotransmitter release

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5
Q

What are some metabolic implications of sleep?

A

Immune system maintenance
Growth
Neuronal maintenance
Cognitive functions
Motor control

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6
Q

What is the function of sleep?

A

Not clear but necessary to life (especially REM)
Conserving energy
Range of metabolic functions…
- immune system maintenance
- growth
- neuronal maintenance
- cognitive functioning
- motor control

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7
Q

What are the two broad types of sleep in mammals and birds?

A

REM and NREM

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8
Q

How long does each sleep cycle last?

A

90 minutes

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9
Q

T/f Sleep is a disorganised and chaotic process?

A

False, sleep is a highly sequential organised dynamic process

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10
Q

What clinical information can be used to study sleep?

A

EEG, EOG, EMG

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11
Q

Sleep data including EEG, EOG & EMG can be summarised to make a ….

A

Hypnogram

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Stage 1 sleep?

A

Very brief
Hallucinatory experiences
Falling/floating sensation
No memory

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13
Q

How much of your sleep is occupied in stage 2?

A

45-55%

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14
Q

What is a sleep spindle? Which stage would you find it?

A

A burst of brain activity following a muscle twitch (11-16hz)

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15
Q

What are k-complexes? Which stage of sleep would you find them?

A

A brief negative voltage high peaks of activity - found in stage 2 sleep (just like sleep spindles)

keeps us asleep - suppresses cortical function

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16
Q

How long does stage 2 sleep last?

A

20 mins approx

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17
Q

What characterises stage 2 sleep?

A

Sleep spindles
K-complexes

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18
Q

Which stage of sleep may include parasomnias?

A

Stage 3

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19
Q

What is a parasomnia?

A

Night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting, sleep talking

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20
Q

How long does stage 3 sleep last?

A

A few minutes

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21
Q

What characterises stage 3 sleep?

A

Presence of delta brain waves

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22
Q

What hertz are delta waves?

A

.5 - 4 hz

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23
Q

Which stage of sleep likely includes muscle/body restoration?

A

Stage 4

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24
Q

What differentiates stage 3 and stage 4 sleep?

A

More delta waves (more than 50%)

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25
Q

What stages of sleep follow stage 4 sleep?

A

Stage 3, stage 2, REM

26
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: brain activity

A

NREM- decreases from wakefulness
REM-increases in motor and sensory areas while other area are similar to NREM

27
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: heart rate

A

NREM - Slows from wakefulness
REM - increases and varies compared to NREM

28
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: blood pressure

A

NREM - decreases from wakefulness
REM - increases (up to 30%) and varies from NREM

29
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: blood flow to brain

A

NREM - does not change from wakefulness in most regions
REM - increase by 50 to 200 percent from NREM depending on brain region

30
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: airway resistance

A

NREM - increases from wakefulness
REM - increases and varies from wakefulness

31
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: respiration

A

NREM - decreases from wakefulness
REM - increases and varies from NREM but may how brief stoppages (apnea); coughing suppressed

32
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: body temperature

A

NREM - regulated at lower set point that wakefulness; shivering initiated at lower temperature than during wakefulness
REM - is not regulated; no shivering or sweating; temperature drifts towards that of the local environment

33
Q

Describe the following physiological process presents during NREM vs REM: sexual arousal

A

NREM - occurs infrequently
REM - increases from NREM (male and female)

Erection & Vaginal Lubrication

34
Q

What is sleep inertia?

A

Feeling shit if you nap and wake during deep sleep

35
Q

What percent of total sleep time is REM in adults (and what in babies?)

A

20-25% (and up to 50% in babies)

36
Q

What is REM sleep characterised by?

A

Rapid eye movement and rapid low voltage eeg

37
Q

What stage of sleep contains descending muscular atonia

A

REM

38
Q

What is the term for paralysis that protects the body from self harm during sleep?

A

Descending muscular atonia

39
Q

T/F: Snoring occurs predominantly during REM?

A

False, snoring is rare during REM

40
Q

Why is REM sleep considered paradoxical?

A

Externally you appear calm but there is massive internal activity occurring
- Brain activity levels are similar to that of wakefulness

41
Q

After sleep deprivation, which stages of sleep do we spend more time in?

A

Stage 3 and Stage 4

42
Q

Why would one spend more time in slow-wave sleep after sleep deprivation?

A

Evidence indicates slow-wave sleep aids informations processing and memory consolidation/retention

43
Q

What are some symptoms of REM sleep deprivation?

A

Anxiety, increased appetite, irritability

44
Q

Which stage of sleep is important for survival?

A

REM - not sure why but potentially to do with role in procedural memory/”clearing out”

45
Q

Which part of the brain stimulates dreams?

A

Pons

46
Q

What is Freuds perspective on dreams?

A

Dreams are a symbolic representation of the frustrated desires in the subconscious mind e.g
- Unacceptable feelings
- Based on violent/erotic urges
- Safe situation to deal with this material
- Manifest content
- Latent content
- Requires expert interpretation to uncover latent content

47
Q

What are some general theories on why we dream?

A

Information processing
Problem solving
Fitting experiences into memory
Analysing and consolidating information
No function, just interpretation of random neural firing

48
Q

What is the Activation-Synthesis theory of dreams?

A

Solms: Suggests dreams are generated in forebrain, not brainstem
- REM structures are the same as sensory information generation
- REM and dreams not correlated
- Dreaming similar to waking consciousness - we construct mages to make sense of neural firing
- Thus dreams are a byproduct and meaningless
- Dreams are brain trying to make sense of all the neural firing going on in sleep

49
Q

what is sleep?

A

naturally recurring state of reduced consciousness, suspended sensory activity

50
Q

How many hours of sleep does research suggest is
optimal?
• 5 or less
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9 or more hours of sleep?

A

CHECK ILECTURE (i was late missed answer)

51
Q

list some of the many effects of sleep deprivation?

A

 Cognitive impairment
 Memory lapses or loss
 Impaired moral judgment
 Hallucinations
 ADHD symptoms
 Impaired immune system
 Type 2 diabetes
 Increased heart rate and risk of heart disease
 Increased RT and decreased accuracy
 Tremors & aches
 Growth suppression
 Obesity
 Lower body temperature
 Link to psychological disorders

52
Q

EOG means what?

A

electro-ocular gram

53
Q

EMG means what?

A

electro-myo-gram (muscle)

54
Q

what is a hypnogram?

A

summary of EEG, EMG and EOG data allowing us to classify sleep stages

55
Q

alpha waves are found during:
a. stage 1 sleep
b. stage 2
c. stage 3
d. stage 4
e. REM sleep
f. when awake

A

f

56
Q

delta waves occur in stage (___) sleep, and are relatively (fast/ slow) with relatively (small/ large) amplitude

A

3, slow, large

57
Q

t/f: stage 3 may involve some dreaming

A

true

58
Q

as you age, how do sleep stage(s) change?

A

less stage 4

59
Q

which stage of sleep are you most difficult to wake?

A

4

60
Q

what is the order with which we go through sleep stages?

A

1
2
3
4
3
2
REM

61
Q

what brain center is more aligned with REM sleep?

A

amygdala

62
Q

What % of REM sleep is associated with dreams?

A

80-85%

Foundations of Psych (16 decks)

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