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Anatomy 6511 Exam One Material > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue

A
  1. Mesenchyme

2. Mucous

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2
Q

Name the two main types of adult connective tissue

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper

2. Specialized (Connective Tissue)

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3
Q

What are the 5 categories of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Loose (Areolar)
  2. Reticular
  3. Dense Regular
  4. Dense Irregular
  5. Adipose
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4
Q

Blood, cartilage, and bone are all specialized connective tissue, but cartilage and bone are considered supporting connective tissue as well, True or False?

A

True

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5
Q

Most widely abundant and widely distributed of all primary tissues in the human body is ______

A

connective tissue

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6
Q

List the main functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binds, supports, strengthens
  2. Protection (skull, rib cage, sternum)
  3. Insulation (fat, internal organs softly packed)
  4. Compartmentalization (think nerve: 3 types of connective tissue layers)
  5. Transport (blood: waste products, O2, hormones, CO2)
  6. Storage of Energy Reserves (adipose, triglycerides, marrow in bone)
  7. Immune Responses (blood: WBCs)

BIT PICS bind, insulate, transport
protect, immune, compartment, storage

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7
Q

Where does connective tissue exhibit protection?

A

sternum, ribcage, skull (BONE)

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8
Q

Which specialized connective tissue is responsible for most transport? What does it transport?

A

Blood

O2, CO2, hormones

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9
Q

Describe 3 common characteristics of connective tissue

A
  1. Cells in an EC Matrix (vs epithelial: mostly cells; ECM differs for each CT)
  2. Common Origin (mesenchyme- makes cells that create ECM in all connective tissue)
  3. Degrees of Vascularity
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10
Q

Cartilage is _____ so it contains ____blood vessels

A

AVASCULAR

NO blood vessels

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11
Q

How is dense connective tissue in terms of degree of vascularity?

A

poorly vascularized

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12
Q

Bone is ____ vascularized, has a ____ blood supply, and is ____ at repairing itself

A

HIGHLY vascularized

great blood supply

good at repairing itself

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13
Q

Not all mesenchymal cells form connective tissue, True or False?

A

True

endothelial cells: line blood vessels
develop into muscle cells as well
or mesothelial cells (serous membrane)

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14
Q

Connective tissue is generally composed of what?

A

A. Cells

B. EC Matrix (protein fibers and ground substance)

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15
Q

Which three protein fibers are commonly found in the Extracellular Matrix of connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
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16
Q

What is ground substance composed of?

A

loose, amorphous between cells and fibers, hydrophilic (loves water)

  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (ex. hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate)
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Multiadhesive Glycoproteins (ex. laminin and fibronectin)
    - between cells and fibers, medium through which diffusion may occur
    - can be fluid (great for diffusion) or gelatinous, but could be calcified (not good for diffusion) as well in which case substances won’t diffuse
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17
Q

ECM is composed of

A

protein fibers and ground substance

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18
Q

laminin and fibronectin are examples of

A

Multiadhesive Glycoproteins in ground substance of ECM (connective tissue)

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19
Q

Plasma cell

A

Major product: Production of antibodies

Function: Immunologic

on TEM: massive amounts of rough ER, incredibly basophilic (very purple, hematoxylin (+)) looks like cookie crisp with rough ER around it)

-small dark rounded nucleus, chromatin in large blocks near nuclear membrane

(spokes of a wheel)

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20
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Major product: Production of immunocompetent cells

Function: Immunologic

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21
Q

Eosinophil

A

Major activity: Participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammatory process

Function: Immunologic

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22
Q

Neutrophil

A

Major activity: Phagocytosis of foreign substances, bacteria

Function: Defense

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23
Q

Macrophage

A

Major product: Secretion of cytokines and other molecules, phagocytosis of foreign substances and bacteria, antigen processing and presentation to other cells

-lots of lysosomes, rough and smooth ER

Function: Defense

develop from blood monocytes (out of blood stream and into CT, where they develop into macrophages)

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24
Q

Mast cell, Basophil

A

Major product: Liberation of pharmacologically active molecules (e.g., histamine)

Function: Defense

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25
Q

Adipose cell

A

Major activity: Storage of neutral fats and thermogenesis

Function: Energy reservoir, heat production

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26
Q

Which connective tissue cells produce fibers and ground substance, serving as the only structural cells in terms of function?

A

Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, odontoblast

27
Q

Name the three connective tissue cell types that serve an immunologic function

A

Plasma cell
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil

28
Q

Name the three connective tissue cell types that serve a defensive function

A

Neutrophil
Macrophage
Mast cell, Basophil

29
Q

Fibroblasts

A

MOST COMMON TYPE in CTs

produce, secrete, and maintain ECM*

somewhat basophilic, lots of ribosomes for protein production
-sort of spindle shaped cells, some a little more active

euchromatin when more active (not heterocbhromatin)
more basophilic

30
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

myo-muscle
somewhat elongated, similar to smooth muscle cell and fibroblast
-actin filaments to produce a little bit of tension
-actin ties into plasma membrane
-cell then anchored to EC matrix

31
Q

Mast cells

A

-regenerate bone marrow
-large rounded cells about 20-30 micrometers in diameter
-small circular nucleus toward center
-cytoplasm is filled with basophilic secretory granules* (looks like a bunch of tiny purple dots)
.3-2 micrometers
-inflammatory response, allergic rxn
-originate through monocyte pathway
-migrate into area, NOT direct descendant of mesenchymal cells

32
Q

Plasma cells derive from ____ and are responsible for _____

A

B lymphocytes

synthesis of antibodies (lots of rough ER)
basophilic cytoplasm

33
Q

Macrophages develop from ____ and are responsible for _______

A

MONOCYTES in blood marrow

lots of lysosomes, degradation, rough er, smooth er, lots of phagocytosis, digestion and secretory function

34
Q

Kupffer cells in the liver, Longerhan cells, and osteoclasts are all types of _______

A

macrophages

35
Q

Collagen (fiber type)

A

collagen protein

  • most abundant in human body (30% dry weight), proteins polymerize to form fibrils
  • strong but flexible: resistant to longitudinal stretches
36
Q

Reticular (fiber type)

A

collagen protein

  • Collagen type 3 much thinner, in extensive networks
  • love H&E stain, type 3 does NOT stain with H&E (need to use SILVER STAIN which turns fibers black)

mesh work for other cells to hold onto
framework

37
Q

Elastic (fiber type)

A

elastin protein

  • very thin, branch
  • very strong, can stretch 150x length without breaking
  • amorpheous, more organized and characterized appearance in cross section
38
Q

True or False: Ground substance is always very hydrophobic whether its calcified or fluid.

A

FALSE, always very hydrophilic

-will bind water (GAGs)

39
Q

hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are examples of _____, part of the _______

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), part of the ground substance (ECM)

40
Q

Mesenchyme

A

undifferentiated (make adult connective tissues, give rise to all connective tissues, common origin of all CT)

typically have cytoplasmic processes coming away, looking at mostly nucleus

viscous ground substance between cells

*if any fibers present, will be reticular fibers

long round nucleus

41
Q

Wharton’s Jelly

A

Only in umbilical cord

Mucous tissue (embryonic)

gelatin like outside ECM

*if fibers present, can be a few collagen fibers

42
Q

What type of connective tissue is the most widely disbursed in the body?

A

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

43
Q

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

A

lots of fibrolasts and macrophages mast cells and some white blood cells

-part of MUCOUS MEMBRANE (forms lamina propria), packages organs, surrounds capillaries

ALL 3 Fiber Types found here mostly type I collagen (think: MOST widely disbursed in body, uses ALL 3 fiber types- lots of different locations)

support and bind structures under low amount of pressure/ protectins
very flexible and VERY WELL VASCULARIZED
-protect organs, macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation

strength, elasticity, support

44
Q

Reticular

A

-looks like grapes on vine
Network of reticular fibers in a typical LOOSE ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network
-primarily made of type 3 collagen fibers, labyrinth of reticular fibers making internal framework (stroma) within organ so free cells (WBCs, mast cells, macrophages) can bind to network of reticular fibers

Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

45
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

looks like smooth waves

Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is FIBROBLAST; all collagen fibers running in one direction

Function: Attaches muscles to bones (tendon) or to muscles; attaches bones to bones (ligament); withstands great tensile stress when pulling force applied in one direction

Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

-LESS flexible than loose connective, much MORE resilient to stretches

poorly vascularized, damaged takes awhile to repair

*looks like edges of lasagna noodles stacked (collagen fibers) with nuclei of fibroblasts floating between

46
Q

aponeuroses

A

flat tendon, dense regular connective tissue

iliotibial tract (IT band)

47
Q

What problems are associated with dense regular connective tissue?

A

Poorly vascularized tissue that takes awhile to repair when damaged because of poor blood flow

48
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

same as dense regular but fibers run in all different directions (multiple directions)

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

Function: able to withstand tension exerted in MANY directions; provides structural strength

Location: dermis, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and of joints (found where pulling forces come in opposite directions)

also: periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, pericardium of heart, heart valves

49
Q

Name the two types of adipose tissue

A
  1. White Adipose Tissue

2. Brown Adipose Tissue

50
Q

Describe white adipose tissue

A
  • Predominant type in adults
  • Adipocytes: unilocular, spherical, flattened nucleus, rim of cytoplasm, larger diameter (15-150 μm)

Location: subcutaneous layer, mammary gland, greater omentum, mesenteries, orbits, bone marrow cavity

Function: energy storage*, insulation, cushioning of vital organs, and secretion of hormones

51
Q

How are adipocytes structured? (morphology/shape)

A

unilocular, spherical, flattened nucleus and pushed to side from large fat cell, rim of cytoplasm, larger diameter (15-150 μm)

lots of blood vessels
causes triglycerides to become fats and tri

52
Q

True or False: Adipose tissue increases by size via hyperplasia

A

FALSE

hyperplasia = ^ number of cells

Adipose goes through hypertrophy (increase in SIZE of existing cells)
-never gain NEW fat cells/lose old ones, they shrink or swell in size rather

53
Q

In newborns, ____ adipose tissue is predominant. In adults, ____ adipose tissue is predominant.

A

BROWN (multilocular, smaller diameter)

White (adults) (unilocular, bigger diameter)

54
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Predominant type in fetus and newborn
Adipocytes: MULTIlocular*, spherical, round, eccentric nucleus, smaller diameter (10-15 μm)

Location in Newborns: 5% of total body mass; back, along upper half of spine and toward shoulders

Location in Adults: retroperitoneal space, around aorta, neck, back, mediastinum

Function: heat production (i.e., thermogenesis)

  • triglycerides not for storage but HEAT generation
  • warms blood coming through
  • not to form ATP but to be given off as heat
55
Q

True or False: Triglycerides are for storage, not heat generation

A

FALSE

triglycerides not for storage but HEAT generation
-warms blood coming through
not to form ATP but to be given off as heat

mitochondria have uncoupling protein pull energy out of pathway and give it off as heat

  • sympathetic division of autonomic system
  • present in newborns up to age of 10 then gets replace with white adipose tissue
56
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

loosely organized embryonic connective tissue*
-contain all the same cells mesenchymal cells, undifferentiated with oval nuclei prominent nucleoli and prominent chromatin

57
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

part of ground substance
(ex. hyaluronic acid (MOST COMMON) and chondroitin sulfate)
will bind water

58
Q

brown adipose in newborns is located where

A

dorsally, along upper half of spine near shoulders

59
Q

brown adipose in adults

A

around aorta, upper neck, back, retroperitoneal space

60
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells can become

A
  1. fibroblasts (ECM and collagen)
  2. lipoblasts (adipose)
  3. osteoblasts (bone)
  4. chondroblasts (cartilage)
  5. Hematopoietic stem cells (blood: RBC, lymphocyte, eosinophil, plasma cell, neutrophil, basophil, mast cells, monocytes (macrophages, osteoclasts) )
  6. endothelial cells (line blood vessels)
  7. also muscle cells
  8. mesothelial cells (serous membrane)
61
Q

What is the most common type of cells you can find in connective tissue?

A

FIBROBLASTS

62
Q

fibroblasts have a lot of rough ER associated with them, true or false?

A

TRUE

63
Q

Secretory granules in mast cells contain things like histamine that have a role in inflammatory response, true or false?

A

TRUE

Anatomy 6511 Exam One Material (8 decks)

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