Axial Skeleton & Body Cavities Flashcards
1
Q
Skeletal system consists of what two elements/types of connective tissue?
A
Bone and Cartilage
2
Q
What are the components of the axial skeleton? What are their purpose?
A
skull, ribs, vertebrae
-supporting axis of body, protection of vital organs
3
Q
Name common characteristics for ALL bones
A
- Serve as a reservoir for calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)
- Act as levers on which muscles act to produce movements
- Are ‘containers’ for blood-producing cells (blood cells, stem cells)
4
Q
Appendicular skeleton components
A
clavical, scapula, humerus (Upper extremity)
5
Q
Bones are vascularized AND innervated, true or false?
A
TRUE
Also there is usually 1 nutrient artery per bone (blood supply, nutrition)
6
Q
periosteum
A
fibrous connective tissue covering bones that can form NEW bone
-vascularized and innervated
7
Q
Does bone stripped of its periosteum survive?
A
NO, while the bone does have sensory innervation, the periosteum is highly innervated and it is necessary for the survival of bone as a tissue.
8
Q
Synovial joints
A
Bones separated by capsule with synovial cavity = articular cavity (moveable, associated with most of appendicular skeleton)
Movable joints
- encapsulated
- contain a articular cartilage (hyaline) covering articular surface
- synovial membrane that surrounds the articular space & produces synovial fluid to protect, cushion and nourish the joints.
-atlanto-axial joint (C1 C2) “NO joint”- primary joint for rotation of head
9
Q
2 types of solid, immovable joints
A
Bones help together by connective tissue (less moveable, associated more with axial skeleton)
- Fibrous (sutures, gomphosis, & syndesmosis)
- Cartilaginous (synchondrosis and symphysis)
- lack the articular cavity and synovial membranes
- skull and the vertebral column, or the junction of teeth in the jaw
10
Q
The skull is comprised of # bones, excluding the ossicles of the ear
A
22
They are immobile.
They form the cranium.
11
Q
The bones of the skull are attached to each other by sutures, with the exception of the _____
A
mandible (forms lower jaw)
12
Q
viscerocranium or facial skeleton
A
components associated with the face (anterior lower part of the skull)
13
Q
calvaria
A
upper domes portion that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain
14
Q
How many vertebral regions?
A
Five vertebral regions with specific characteristics
- Cervical (7: CI-CVII)
- Thoracic (12: TI-TXII)
- Lumbar (5: LI-LV)
- Sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae I-V)
- Coccyx (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae I-IV)* varies per person, generally why we dont talk about overall number of vertebrae in v. column
15
Q
2 different types of curvatures of the normal spine/vertebral column
A
- Primary curvatures (kyphosis)
2. secondary curvatures (lordosis)
16
Q
primary curvatures
A
follow that of the original curvature seen in the developing embryo = this is concave anteriorly.
Primary curvatures are maintained in the thoracic (T) and sacral regions.
17
Q
Secondary curvatures
A
concave posteriorly and form in the cervical (C) and lumbar regions (L) (lordosis - lumbar)
These secondary curvatures help to bring the center of gravity into a vertical line allowing better balance of body weight on the vertebral column (expending the least amount of muscular energy in our normal upright bipedal stance).
18
Q
What is common among all typical vertebrae?
A
anteriorly positioned vertebral body and posteriorly positioned arch
19
Q
Vertebral body
A
anterior and is the major weight-bearing component of the bone. It increases in size from C2 to L5. Adjacent vertebral bodies are separated by fibrocartilaginous discs
function: support of body weight
20
Q
Vertebral arch
A
firmly anchored to the posterior surface of the vertebral body by two pedicles (lateral pillars of the arch)
- roof of the arch formed by right and left laminae, which fuse at the midline.
- vertebral arches are aligned to form lateral and posterior wall of the vertebral canal, (C1 to S5) containing the spinal cord
- The vertebral arch has a number of characteristic projections which serve as: attachments for muscles and ligaments, levers for the actions of muscles, and sites of articulation with adjacent vertebrae.
function: protect spinal cord
21
Q
vertebral canal
A
C1-S5
contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with proximal portions of spinal nerves, vasculature, connective tissue, and fat.
22
Q
What do the characteristic projections of the vertebral arch serve as?
A
- attachments for muscles and ligaments
- levers for the actions of muscles
- sites of articulation with adjacent vertebrae.
23
Q
Spinous process
A
projects posteriorly and generally inferiorly from the roof of the vertebral arch.
function: muscle (and ligament) attachment and movement
24
Q
Transverse process
A
extends laterally from the region where the lamina meets a pedicle.
function: muscle attachment and movement
- thoracic region: articulate with ribs
25
Describe the rib elements associated with each thoracic vertebra
In thorax: costal elements are large and form ribs which articulate with the vertebral bodies and transverse processes
In other regions: rib elements are small incorporated into transverse processes
26
Articular processes
superior and inferior, same region as transverse (near pedicle)
lining up vertebrae and connecting them one above or below other in sequence vertically, articulation
function: restrict movements, limit rotation and motion of vertebral column (don't want to sever spinal cord or nerves)
27
There are 12 pairs of ribs that articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and terminate anteriorly in a costal cartilage.
7 pairs of ____ ribs
5 pairs of ____ ribs
12 pairs of ribs, 7 TRUE, 5 false
protect vital organs
vertebrae posteriorly
sternum anteriorly
28
floating ribs
11-12 lowest 2 pairs of false ribs
no anterior connection to the sternum; do not attach to sternum at all via cartilaginous connection
29
true ribs
1-7 attach to the sternum via own costal cartilages
30
false ribs
8-12 do NOT attach via own costal cartilages
31
A rib will articulate with which two parts if a vertebra? Which vertebrae (region) are especially designed to facilitate in these articulations?
vertebral body and transverse process
shape of thoracic vertebrae
32
Parts of rib
Head
Tubercle
Body
Costal groove
33
Head of rib
articulates with 2 vertebral bodies & 1 disc
34
Tubercle of rib
articulates with 1 transverse process
35
Body of rib
region of greatest curve = angle
largest portion of the shaft, thin, flat and curved, most markedly at the angle. Concave internal surface and costal groove.
36
Costal groove
formed by intercostal v., a. & n. (vein artery and nerve)
protects the N A & V of the costal space, where the V is most superior and the N is most inferior (VAN) and they all lie between the muscle layers.
37
The ___ of rib 5 articulates with the bodies of T4 & T5 vertebrae
head
38
____ of rib 5 articulates with transverse process of T5
tubercle
39
Which 4 ribs are atypical?
1st, 2nd, 11-12
40
1st rib
broadest, shortest and most sharply curved of the 7 true ribs
2 grooves superior surface for the subclavian vessels
2 grooves separated by the scalene tubercle and ridge for the scalene mm. attachment.
41
2nd rib
thinner, less curved and longer
| – has two facets on head for articulation with T1 & T2 vertebrae
42
Ribs with only ONE facet on their heads
1, 11, 12
43
Ribs that are short with NO necks or tubercles
11 and 12
44
joint
site where 2 skeletal elements come together
45
2 joint types
Synovial vs Solid
46
How are synovial joints characterized?
described based on the their shape (the shape of the articular surface) and movement
-uniaxial (hinge joints) or multiaxial (ball and socket joints).
47
uniaxial joints
hinge joints (synovial)
48
multiaxial joints
ball and socket joints (synovial)
49
Plane joints
allow sliding or gliding of one bone surface over another
ex. acromioclavicular joint
50
Hinge joints
allow movement around one axis transversely through a joint
ex. elbow or humero-ulnar joint
{flexion-extension}
51
Pivot joint
all movement around a longitudinal axis
ex. atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)
{rotation}
52
Bicondylar joint
allow movement in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis: formed by 2 convex condyles articulating with concave of flat surfaces
ex. knee
53
Condylar joints aka ellipsoid joints
allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other
ex. wrist
{flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and limited circumduction}
54
Saddle joints
allow movement around two axes that are a right angles with the articular surfaces saddle shaped
ex. caropmetacarpal joint of thumb
{flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction}
55
Ball and Socket joints
allow movement around multiple axes
ex. hip or shoulder joint
{flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation}
56
Fibrous joints
Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmoses
57
Cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses, Symphyses
58
sutures
only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue = sutural ligaments
59
gomphoses
only between teeth and adjacent bone. Short collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket
60
syndesmoses
joints in which adjacent bones are linked by a (ligamentum flavum which connects adjacent vertebral laminae) OR (interosseous membrane which links the radius and ulna in the forearm)
61
ligamentum flavum
connects adjacent vertebral laminae in syndesmoses (fibrous)
62
interosseous membrane
links radius and ulna in forearm; syndesmoses (fibrous)
63
synchondroses
(cartilaginous)
where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage
ex. growth plate between the head and shaft of developing long bones.
These joints allow bone growth but eventually completely ossify
64
symphyses
(cartilaginous)
where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage (axial skeleton)
ex. intervertebral discs ( and the pubic symphysis
65
tendons
connective tissue connections between muscle and bone
66
ligaments
connective tissue connections between bones (bone to bone)
67
Abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the _____; together they function in _____
diaphragm
Breathing
inhale : contraction of diaphragm (comes down) : relaxation of abdominal muscles : rib cage up and out
exhale : relaxation of diaphragm (comes up): contraction of abdominal muscles : rib cage down and in
68
Abdomen (abdominal wall)
Skeletal components:
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- Superior expanded parts of the pelvic bones
- Bony components of the inferior thoracic wall (costal margin, rib 12, & xiphoid process)
69
abdominal cavity
spans from just under the diaphragm superiorly to the pelvic inlet inferiorly
continous with pelvic cavity
lined with: peritoneum
70
pelvic cavity
inferior to the pelvic inlet (bony rim along the inner pelvis)
continuous with abdominal cavity
71
Thorax (thoracic wall)
```
1 sternum (breastbone)
12 thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs: intercostal space, costal cartilages, costal margin
```
The musculoskeletal wall of the thorax is flexible and consists of segmentally arranged vertebrae, ribs and muscles, & the sternum.
72
Superior thoracic aperture
anatomical thoracic inlet = communicates with the neck and UL & is bounded by T1 vertebra
- posteriorly, 1st pair of ribs & their costal cartilages laterally
- anteriorly by the superior border of the manubrium
73
Inferior thoracic aperture
anatomical thoracic outlet = diaphragm
thus separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities & bounded by:
-posteriorly: T12
-posterolaterally: 11th & 12th ribs
-anterolaterally: joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
-anteriorly: xiphisternal joint.
74
The thoracic wall is expandable because most ribs articulate with other components of the wall by true joints that allows movement, and because of the shape and orientation of the ribs.
TRUE
75
When a rib is elevated, it moves the anterior thoracic wall _____ relative to the posterior wall which is fixed.
FORWARD
The ribs posterior attachment is superior to its anterior attachment (sternum or costal cartilage).
76
The muscular diaphragm changes the ___ of the thoracic cavity as it contracts and relaxes (vertically).
Volume
77
Changes in the anterior, lateral, and vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity are important for _______
breathing
78
Describe how the abdominal wall assists in breathing
During inspiration: it relaxes to accommodate the expansion of the thoracic cavity and the inferior displacement of the abdominal viscera during the contraction of the diaphragm
During expiration: it contracts to assist in elevating the domes of the diaphragm, thus reducing the thoracic volume.
Material can be expelled from the airway by forced expiration using the abdominal muscles, as in coughing or sneezing.
inspir=relax, expir=contract
79
valsalva maneauver
= Increased intra-abdominal pressure
diaphragm in fixed position, contraction of abdominal wall
is important in voiding the contents of the bladder and rectum, and in childbirth
80
Describe the peritoneum lining the abdominopelvic cavity
an epithethial-like single layer of cells (the mesothelium) together with a supportive layer of connective tissue
The peritoneum reflects off the abdominal wall to become a component of the mesenteries that suspend the viscera
81
parietal peritoneum
lines abdominal wall
82
visceral peritoneum
covers the suspended organs (viscera)
83
intraperitoneal structures
suspended in mesenteries
84
retroperitoneal structures
lie between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall
kidneys, aorta
85
pleura
lines thoracic cavity
-an epithethial-like single layer of cells (the mesothelium) together with a supportive layer of connective tissue.
reflects off the thoracic wall to line the viscera
86
Parietal pleura
lines the pleural cavities (2), each separately.
87
Visceral pleura
reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the organs (viscera) = lungs
The visceral pleura is adherent to the lung
88
What are the several cavities housed by the skull?
-cranial vault = cranial cavity – houses the brain
-nasal cavities (2): nasal sinuses
-oral cavity:
orbit (2) = eye socket
middle & inner ear cavities
89
axis
c2 = CII
| -Dens or odontoid process
90
atlas
c1 = CI
| -not really a body, anterior arch and posterior arch
91
Which nerves run through foramen magnum?
spinal cord, vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, spinal accessory nerve
92
When are the sacral vertebrae (5) fused completely?
about age 30, begins in adolescence
93
Cervical vertebrae
-some have two spinous processes (bifid)
-transverse process: has foramen tranversaria
(vertebral artery, supplies posterior blood supply TO the brain; also autonomic innervation (Sympathetic))
-triangular shape vertebral canal
-smaller vertebral body
94
Every blood vessel in the body has ______ innervation
sympathetic
95
Thoracic vertebrae
"Giraffe"
- very long spinous processes with inferior orientation
- slightly larger vertebral body
- smaller vertebral body
- articulation for ribs, longer lateral processes to facilitate costal or rib articulation
- smaller/more narrow foramen
96
Lumbar vertebrae
Foramen larger (again): new afferents coming in from lower extremity/body
- cord enlarged in this region because more cell bodies taking up more space for efferents as well
- very thick anterior vertebral body (support weight above)
- lateral processes: smaller, more squared compared to both superior processes
- have more space for rotation left to right (mobility)
97
if I have a sympathetic nerve on a blood vessel, it has to be ______
postganglionic/postsynaptic
98
thoracic cavity
contains all the ribs, sternum, and the vertebral common; heart and vasculature (inferior vena cava, descending aorta, esophagus)
bounded by thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture)
99
diaphragm
anterior (xyphoid process of sternum) and posterior (T12) levels very different and distinct
relaxed: above xyphoid process
100
pleural cavity
small cavity, between parietal and visceral pleura in thoracic cavity, contains serous fluid to reduce friction
101
cranial cavity
contains brain
| -covered by meninges
102
ASIS
bony landmark
anterior superior iliac spine
(anterior hip bone)
