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Anatomy 6511 Exam One Material > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

includes the heart (cardio) and (vascular) arterial (supply) and venous (drainage) systems. The capillary bed connects this continuous tubular pathway.

Function: transportation of water, Oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste products and hormones

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2
Q

3 important capillary beds

A
  • body (systemic circulation)
  • heart (coronary/cardiac circulation)
  • lungs (pulmonary circulation)
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3
Q

Heart

A

positioned left centered to sternum in the thorax (thoracic cavity); cardio
-pericardium

4 chambers (2 atria-receive; 2 ventricles- discharge)

upper limit: near the sternal angle (anteriorly) right border (from the R 3rd costal cartilage to the R 6th costal cartilage)
intervertebral disc between T4/T5 vertebrae (posteriorly)

inferior extent: diaphragm (heart NOT stationary, during respiration organs in thoracic cavity move)

Space between posterior heart and vertebral bodies (blood vessels: thoracic aorta, also esophagus)

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4
Q

Blood vessels

A

= vasculature

  • arteries (supply)
  • veins (drainage)

MORE venous plexes than arterial

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5
Q

Blood

A

RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma

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6
Q

ausculatation

A

(listening for heart sounds)

important to define cardiac borders

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7
Q

Standard PA view: right cardiac border

A

(from the R 3rd costal cartilage to the R 6th costal cartilage)

the superior vena cava, right atrium and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

Standard PA view: left cardiac border

A

(2nd intercostal space to the apex of the heart at the 5th intercostal space – midclavicular line)

Aortic arch, pulmonary trunk and left ventricle

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9
Q

Standard PA view: the inferior border

A

(on the superior surface of the diaphragm) (from the sternal end of the R 6th costal cartilage to the 5th intercostal space at/near the midclavicular line.)

the right ventricle and the left ventricle (apex) together

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10
Q

The superior border of the heart is at the __ costal cartilage on the R of the sternum and the ___ intercostal space on the L of the sternum.

A

3rd costal cartilage on R sternum

2nd intercostal space on L sternum

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11
Q

inferior border

A

lies on the diaphragm.

*Remember that the diaphragm is moving as we breathe so there is a little change in this position.

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12
Q

Systole

A

contraction of the heart

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13
Q

Diastole

A

dilation or filling of heart

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14
Q

ventricular diastole

A

filling of ventricles

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15
Q

atrial diastole

A

filling of atria

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16
Q

Atria

A

2 chambers of heart that receive deoxygenated blood (regardless of where its coming from/which circuit its associated with)

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17
Q

Ventricles

A

2 chambers of heart that discharge or pump oxygenated blood out to all circuits

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18
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

2

-outflow of atria/inflow of ventricles (R = tricuspid & L = Mitral)

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19
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve
-outflow of atria/inflow of ventricles

heard just to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space

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20
Q

mitral valve

A

left atrioventricular valve
-outflow of atria/inflow of ventricles

heard over the apex of the heart in the L 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

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21
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

RV outflow

heard over the medial end of the L 2nd intercostal space.

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22
Q

Aortic valve

A

LV outflow

heard over the medial end of the R 2nd intercostal space.

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23
Q

R side of heart

A

Pump for Pulmonary Circuit (heart to lungs to heart)

Deoxygenated blood received

The RA (right side of sternum) receives deoxygenated blood and sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated – returning blood goes to the LA.
RA – RV – lungs LA
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24
Q

L side of heart

A

Pump for Systemic Circuit (coronary and whole body)

Oxygenated

The LA receives oxygenated blood and sends it to the heart and body to be used – returning to the RA
LA – LV – body/heart – RA

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25
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away (artery > away) from heart

  • systemic circulation: carries oxygenated blood away from heart
  • pulmonary circulation: carries deoxygenated (oxygen poor) blood (not always oxygenated because its in an artery)

smallest artery is a arteriole.

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26
Q

capillaries

A

smallest of blood vessels; very thin wall

main role: allow exchange of materials between blood and body tissues.

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27
Q

veins

A

carry blood towards heart (VEINOUS RETURN: TO)

  • systemic circulation: carries oxygen-poor blood
  • pulmonary circulation: carries oxygenated blood

smallest vein is a venule.

28
Q

Describe the flow of blood from the heart through blood vessels and back to the heart

A

♥ -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> ♥

29
Q

3 layers or tunics of walls of blood vessels

A

*smallest blood vessels do NOT have 3 tunics or layers in walls

1) Tunica interna or Tunica intima (in contact with blood: endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial)
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica Externa or Tunica Adventitia

30
Q

Tunica interna (intima)

A

In contact with actual blood

Three Parts:
		a. endothelium (simple squamous)
		b. basal lamina
		c. subendothelial layer
(internal elastic membrane/lamina – arteries and some arterioles)
31
Q

Tunica Media

A

contains rings of smooth muscles cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; can also contain sheets or lamellae or laminae of elastin

(external elastic membrane/lamina – arteries)
functional: constrict/dilate

MEDIA = MUSCLE

32
Q

Tunica Externa (Adventitia)

A

outermost layer, will merge with outer connective tissue (continuous with next structure)
in larger vessels this tunic contains a vasa vasorum and a nervi vascularis (own blood supply and innervation)

33
Q

What is the thickest layer of the vessel wall in arteries?

A

tunica media (muscle cells, pumping, force)

34
Q

What is the thickest layer of the vessel wall in veins?

A

tunica externa

35
Q

4 types of arteries

A

1) Elastic or Conducting arteries (Large arteries)
2) Muscular or Distributing arteries (Medium arteries)
3) Small arteries
4) Arterioles

36
Q

Elastic or Conducting Arteries

A

(Large Arteries)
largest diameter arteries (diameter greater than 10mm)

Walls contain large amounts of elastic fibers (pressure reserve)

  • allows arteries to expand/ recoil
  • important vessels in helping propel blood onward while ventricles are relaxing
  • act as pressure reserve
37
Q

Muscular or Distributing Arteries

A

(Medium Arteries) MEDIUM: MUSCULAR
medium-sized arteries (2mm to 10mm diameter)

Walls contain large amounts of smooth muscle

  • important in regulating the blood flow to specific body regions
  • smooth muscle cells in circular orientation, responsible for vasoconstriction (i.e. reduction in lumen diameter) and vasodilation (i.e. increase in lumen diameter).
38
Q

Small Arteries

A

0.1mm to 2mm in diameter

As many as eight layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media

39
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest diameter artery; 10μm to 100μm diameter

Only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media

40
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest diameter of blood vessels: 4μm-10μm

Thin wall – endothelial cell and its basal lamina

Main role: allow the exchange of materials between blood and body tissues

41
Q

4 types of veins

A

1) Venule
2) Small Veins
3) Medium Veins
4) Large Veins

42
Q

Venule

A

smallest diameter veins (diameter of 10μm to 100 μm); receive blood from capillaries

Two types:
-Postcapillary Venule – endothelial cell with basal lamina and pericytes; no tunica media and no adventitia.

-Muscular Venule – possess a tunica media with one or two layers of smooth muscle and a thin tunica adventitia; typically no pericytes here.

43
Q

Small veins

A

0.1mm to 1mm in diameter

Receive blood from muscular venule.

44
Q

Medium veins

A

1mm to 10mm in diameter

All three layers present.

45
Q

Large veins

A

larger than 10mm in diameter

All three layers present.

46
Q

Most veins in limbs have valves which do what?

A

prevent backflow

thin folds of tunica intima – endothelial cells over a thin layer of connective tissue

47
Q

the heart is located in which body cavity?

A

thoracic

48
Q

True or false, there are more venous return pathways than arterial supply pathways?

A

TRUE, more venous plexuses (a lot, important for drainage) than arterial plexuses (a few)

49
Q

Why is it important to know where the heart is located clinically?

A

AUSCULTATION

50
Q

True or false, the heart is stationary, but during respiration organs in thoracic cavity move

A

FALSE heart and majority organs in thoracic cavity moving because of breathing

51
Q

the systemic (body) circuit begins at the _____ and ends at _____

A

left side of heart (also coronary circuit)

left ventricle -> right atrium
oxygenated

52
Q

beginning of pulmonary circuit is _____, which goes to the lungs, and returns to the ______

A

right side of heart

right ventricle -> left atrium
deoxygenated

53
Q

pathway of blood through the heart

A

RA > right AV valve (tricuspid) > right ventricle > (TO LUNGS) pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary arterioles (TO HEART) > left atrium > bicuspid or mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve >
(TO BODY) ASCENDING aorta > arch > descending aorta (thoracic and abdominal aorta)

54
Q

pathway of blood through the body

A

Left atrium > artery > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > Right atrium

55
Q

2nd intercostal space has ____ auscultation points, corresponding to ____ valve(s)

A

2

AP: aortic and pulmonary

56
Q

5th intercostal space contains the _____ auscultation point

A

tricuspid valve (just left of sternum)

57
Q

apex of heart is in the ___intercostal space, near the _____ line, and is the point for auscultation of the ____ valve

A

5th, midclavicular, mitral valve

58
Q

the smallest of blood vessels are

A

capillaries

THIN: EXCHANGE

59
Q

describe the general schematic of blood vessels leaving the heart to the body and returning back to the heart

A

heart > ELASTIC (conducting, large) arteries (lots of pressure) > Muscular (distributing arteries, decreased pressure) > Arterioles (resistance vessels) > capillaries (exchange vessels) > venule > small veins > medium veins> large veins (diameter larger again, but pressure still low) > heart

60
Q

internal elastic membrane

A

between the tunica intima and tunica media

fenestrated: allow passage of materials

arteries and some arterioles

61
Q

vasa vasorum and a nervi vasculari

A

in tunica externa/adventitia

62
Q

thickest layer in arteries

A

tunica MEDIA (think functional, pushing blood out, lots muscle, keep it open)

63
Q

thickest layer in veins

A

tunica externa (outer layer: bind/support, returning blood is main job, just need to contain it)

64
Q

capillaries contain a tunica media and tunica externa, true or false?

A

FALSE- gotten rid of these (remember, they are SMALL, and don’t have typical 3 layer structure)
-made of endothelial cell and basal lamina (INTIMA/INTERNA layer portions)

50,000/60,000 vessels

65
Q

-Postcapillary Venule

A

endothelial cell with basal lamina and pericytes; no tunica media and no adventitia.

66
Q

Muscular Venule

A

possess a tunica media with one or two layers of smooth muscle and a thin tunica adventitia; typically no pericytes here.

ALL 3 layers back

67
Q

valves in limbs are made of

A

thin folds of tunica intima – endothelial cells over a thin layer of connective tissue

Anatomy 6511 Exam One Material (8 decks)

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