Connective Tissue

Question 1

what are 4 Primary types of Animal Tissue?

Answer 1

epithelial tissue
nervous tissue
muscle tissue
connective tissue

Question 2

What is Connective tissue?

Answer 2

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

Question 3

Examples of Connective tissue?

Answer 3

adipose tissue
bone
lymph
cartilage
blood

Question 4

Connective tissue is composed of?

Answer 4

Cells
ECM (Extracellular matrix)

Question 5

Origin of Connective tissue from?

Answer 5

Connective tissues generally arise from
mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue)

Question 6

is cartilage a vascular structure?

Answer 6

Most connective tissues are abundantly vascularized with the single exception being cartilage.

Question 7

FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE TISUES?

Answer 7

Form the structural framework for the body (bone, cartilage)
Protection for vital organs (bone, cartilage, adipose)
Provide support and interconnection (tendons, ligaments, capsules)
Transport nutrients and wastes (blood)
Insulate and storage energy (adipose tissue)
Produce important cells of blood and lymphatic tissues (bone marrow)
Supply to body defense (Blood and lymph)
Make up repair (loose and dense connective tissue).

Question 8

ECM is made up of?

Answer 8

fibers, tissue fluid, ground substance

Question 9

what are the 3 types of fibers found in ECM?

Answer 9

1. Fibers
   * Collagen
   * Reticular
   * Elastic

Question 10

give examples of ground substances in ECM?

Answer 10

2. Ground substance
   * Glycosaminoglycans
   (Hyaluronan)
   * Proteoglycans
   * Adhesive proteins
   (Fibronectin, Laminin)
   Receptor proteins (integrins) on the surface of cells
   * The other matrix components.

Question 11

What 2 types of cells are found in the ECM?

Answer 11

resident and transient cells

Question 12

give types of transient cells.

Answer 12

2. Transient (wandering)
   * Neutrophil
   * Eosinophil
   * Basophil
   * Lymphocyte
   * Monocyte

Question 13

give types of resident cells.

Answer 13

Resident (fixed)
* Fibroblast
* Adipocyte
* Macrophage
* Mast cell
* Plasma cell
* Undifferentiated cell

Question 14

what is tissue fluid?

Answer 14

• Tissue fluid consists of
  plasma that exits from
  capillaries and enters
  connective tissue
• Tissue fluid filtrates through
  the ECM and reenters
  venules and lymphatic
  capillaries
• Tissue fluid promotes
  movement of nutrients and
  waste products to and from
  cells

Question 15

what is edema microscopically?

Answer 15

Microscopically; in tissue
sections, this condition is characterized by enlarged spaces, caused by the increase in liquid, between the components of
the connective tissue.

Question 16

what is edema macroscopically?

Answer 16

Macroscopically, edema is characterized by an increase in
volume that yields easily to localized
pressure, causing a depression that
slowly disappears (pitting edema).

Question 17

what is advantage of edema?

Answer 17

dilutes toxins

Question 18

what are intercellular substances?

Answer 18

The intercellular substances are nonliving and form the
ECM. e.g. collagen and mucopolysaccarides.

Question 19

Functions of Intracellular Substances?

Answer 19

They provide the strength and support of tissues.
They act as a medium for the diffusion of tissue fluid
between blood capillaries and cells to permit cellular
metabolism.
The intercellular substance have an important role in
tissue differentiation.

Question 20

Two main types of intercellular substances?

Answer 20

AMORPHOUS (NON FORMED)
FIBROUS (FORMED)

Question 21

what are amorphous intercellular substances?

Answer 21

They occupy the spaces between the cells and fibers of connective
tissue.
transparent, colorless, and homogeneous

Question 22

what is the Composition of
Intercellular Substances?

Answer 22

Tissue fluid
Cell adhesion proteins
“Glue” attaching cells to matrix elements
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) + protein
Large, negatively charged polysaccharides

Question 23

what do you know about proteoglycan chemistry?

Answer 23

HYALAURINIC ACID (Axis)
+
LINK PROTEIN
+
CORE PROTEIN
+
SULPHATED GAG

Question 24

what are GAGs?

Answer 24

repeating disaccharides (HEXOSAMINE
+
HEXURONIC ACID)

Question 25

Examples of GAGs?

Answer 25

Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Keratan sulfate
Heparan sulfate
Hyaluronate
(Hyaluronic Acid)
Heparin

Question 26

what are GLYCOPROTEINS?

Answer 26

POLYSACCARIDES + PROTEINS (protein backbone
Polysaccharide side chains)

Question 27

Examples of Glycoproteins?

Answer 27

• Fibronectin
• Laminin
• Tenascin
• Osteopontin

Question 28

what are FIBROUS INTERCELLULAR SUBTANCE?

Answer 28

The function of providing
tensile strength and support
for tissues is performed
mainly by the fibrous
intercellular substances

Question 29

can you name Three types of formed fibers that exist?

Answer 29

1. collagen fibers and fibrils
2. reticular fibers
3. elastic fibers

Question 30

what are Collagen Fibers?

Answer 30

consist of the protein collagen.
They appear white and are termed ‘’white’’ fibers
most abundant structural components of the connective tissue.

Question 31

fibril forms fiber and fiber forms bundle. true or false?

Answer 31

true

Question 32

what is scurvy?

Answer 32

deficiency of vitamin C

Question 33

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a required cofactor for the addition of ————– to ——- and ———- residues in pro–a chains by the enzymes prolylhydroxylase and lysylhydroxylase; without hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues, the —————- essential to the final structure of the ———— cannot form.

Answer 33

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a required cofactor for the addition of hydroxyl groups to proline and lysine residues in pro–a chains by the enzymes prolylhydroxylase and lysylhydroxylase; without hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues, the hydrogen bonds essential to the final structure of the collagen molecule cannot form.

Question 34

if less than 1 g vitamin C is administered, it results in?

Answer 34

complete absorption

Question 35

if more than 1 g vitamin C is administered, it results in?

Answer 35

incomplete absorption

Question 36

what is RDA ( Recommended Daily Allowance) for Vitamin C?

Answer 36

90 mg/d for males and 75 mg/d for females.

Question 37

how many servings of fruits and vegetables are required each day?

Answer 37

5 servings

Question 38

reticular fibers are composed of?

Answer 38

type 3 collagen

Question 39

what are elastic fibres?

Answer 39

• Elastic fibers are typically thinner than collagen fibers and are arranged in a branching pattern to form a three dimensional network.
• The fibers are interwoven with collagen fibers to limit the distensibility of the tissue and prevent tearing from excessive stretching.

Question 40

give structure of elastic fibers.

Answer 40

elastic fibers are composed of
two structural components: A central core of elastin and a surrounding
network of fibrillin microfibrils.

Question 41

Elastic fibers are produced by?

Answer 41

fibroblasts and
smooth muscle
cells.

Question 42

where are elastic fibers found?

Answer 42

They are located in:
vertebral ligaments
larynx
elastic arteries
blood vessels - incomplete elastic membranes

Question 43

– Fibroblast —> ————
– Chondroblast —-> ————-
– Osteoblast ——> —————–– Hematopoietic stem cell —–> ————

Answer 43

– Fibroblast —> connective tissue proper
– Chondroblast —-> cartilage
– Osteoblast ——> bone
– Hematopoietic stem cell —–> blood

Question 44

what is responsible for the formation of elastic fibers, reticular fibers and collagen fibers?

Answer 44

fibroblast

Question 45

what is wound healing?

Answer 45

Wound healing is an intricate process whereby the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury.

Question 46

what are the 4 stages of wound healing?

Answer 46

traumatic inflammation
destructive phase
proliferative phase
maturation phase