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General > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Most important function of GAGS

A

Preserve water in the body

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2
Q

Most GAGs project from a

A

Proteoglycan creating a BRISTLE BRUSH

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3
Q

Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid

A

Hyaluronidase

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4
Q

GAG - universal glue of the body

A

Hyaluronic acid

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5
Q

Most numerous GAG

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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6
Q

GAG seen primarily in cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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7
Q

GAG in skin

A

Dermatan sulfate

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8
Q

GAG in cornea

A

Keratan sulfate

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9
Q

GAG similar to heparin

A

Heparan sulfate

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10
Q

Hyaluronic acid is seen in

A

Joints, eyeballs, egg cell and attaches CT together

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11
Q

It is the only GAG that does not arise from a proteoglycan

A

Hyaluronic acid

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12
Q

Used in emergency cases of Infarction because it has rapid onset of action

A

Heparin (anticoagulant)

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13
Q

Heparin is from

A

Mast cells and Basophils

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14
Q

Function of heparin

A

Anti-coagulant

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15
Q

Basic types of protein in the body

A

Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
Albumin

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16
Q

Most numerous protein

A

Collagen

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17
Q

Highly elastic protein

A

Elastin

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18
Q

Most numerous protein in epidermis

A

Keratin

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19
Q

Most numerous protein in blood

A

Albumin

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20
Q

Function of albumin

A

Determines osmotic pressure

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21
Q

Most abundant type of collagen

A

Type 1

Dermis, Bone, Dentin, Pulp and Cementum

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22
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage

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23
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

Reticular fibers and tissues

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24
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basement membrane

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25
Q

Type 5 collagen

A

Hair and placenta

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26
Q

Most numerous protein in enamel

A

Amelogenin

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27
Q

Disease where the patient has excessive elastic fibers

A

Marfan Syndrome

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28
Q

Disease where the patient has defective collagen fibers leading to flexibility

A

Ehlers Danlos syndrome

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29
Q

Disease where the patient has deficient collagen fibers

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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30
Q

Clin features of OI

A

Blue sclera

Fractures due to brittle bone

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31
Q

Fiber-forming cells

A

Fibroblasts

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32
Q

Monocytes outside the circulatory system

A

Macrophages

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33
Q

Stages of wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Proliferative
  3. Remodeling
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34
Q

What type of collagen seen in initial wound healing

A

Type 3 collagen then as the wound matures it becomes type 1 collagen

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35
Q

Granulation tissue is composed of

A

Fibroblast

Angioblast

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36
Q

Balloning of vessel

A

Aneurysm

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37
Q

Cause of death in patients with Marfan’s syndrome

A

Aneurysm of aorta

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38
Q

Clinical features of Marfan Syndrome

A

Genetic disorder
Tall but thin
Elongated extremities
Weakening of tissue due to excessive elastic fibers

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39
Q

Berry aneurysm involves what structures

A

Circle of willis

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40
Q

Other term for Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

A

Rubberman syndrome

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41
Q

Treatment of aneurysm

A

Endovascular coiling

Surgical clipping

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42
Q

Precursor of macrophage

A

Monocyte

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43
Q

Dust cells with hemosiderin pigment

A

Heart failure cells

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44
Q

Surveillance cells of the pulp

A

Histiocytes/ tissue macrophage

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45
Q

Growth hormone is responsible for

A

Chondrogenesis

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46
Q

Lengthening of bones

A

Interstitial growth

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47
Q

Vitamin D is needed for

A

Calcium absorption

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48
Q

What type of cartilage is epiphyseal plate

A

Hyaline cartilage

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49
Q

They don’t have direct blood supply and nerve supply

A

Cartilage

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50
Q

Depression where we can find osteoclast

A

Howship’s lacunae

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51
Q

Langerhans cells are found in

A

Stratum spinosum of epidermis

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52
Q

Macrophage in bone

A

Osteoclast

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53
Q

Macrophage in Granuloma

A

Epitheloid cells and Langhans giant cells

54
Q

Macrophage in Placenta

A

Hofbauer cells

55
Q

Macrophage in Kidney

A

Intraglomerular Mesangial cells

56
Q

Macrophage in lymph nodes and spleen

A

Dendritic cells

57
Q

Macrophage in epidermis

A

Langerhans cells

58
Q

Macrophage in liver

A

Kupffer cells

59
Q

Macrophage in CNS

A

Microglia

60
Q

Macrophage in pulmonary alveoli of lungs

A

Dust cells/alveolar macrophages

61
Q

Macrophage in lymph nodes

A

Sinus histiocytes

62
Q

Appearance of adipocytes

A

Signet-ring apperance

63
Q

Growth within the tissue

A

Interstitial growth

64
Q

For widening of bones and continuous through adolescence

A

Appositional

65
Q

Process of hyaline cartilage becoming bone tissue

A

Endochondral ossification

66
Q

Procedure that removes air/fluid from the pleural space

A

Thoracentesis

67
Q

In thoracentesis needle is inserted in

A

6, 7 or 8 intercostal space

68
Q

Cartilage that is composed of numerous chondrocytes and few collagen fibers

A

Hyaline cartilage

69
Q

Cartilage that is composed of fewer chondrocytes and thick collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

70
Q

Cartilage composed of chondrocytes and elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilage

71
Q

Most numerous but weakest cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

72
Q

Strongest cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

73
Q

Examples of fibrocartilage

A
  1. Meniscus of knee joint and TMJ
  2. Symphysial joints
    Symphysis mentis, pubis, manubriosternal joint and intervertebral disc
74
Q

Most commonly torn ligament in human body

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

75
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

Pinna, epiglottis and eustachian tube

76
Q

Unhappy triad

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus

77
Q

Strongest type of bone

A

Compact bone

78
Q

Made up of haversian system/osteon

A

Compact bone

79
Q

Other term for spongy bone

A

Cancellous bone/ trabecular bone

80
Q

Cartilagenous growth

A

Interstitial- within bone

Appositional- outer surface of bone

81
Q

Type of bone growth that happens in bone tissue

A

Appositional

82
Q

Structure seen at the central portion of osteon

A

Haversian canal (neurovascular bundles)

83
Q

Primary lymphoid organ

A

Thymus and bone marrow

84
Q

Triad of Plummer- Vinson Syndrome

A
  1. Chronic iron deficiency anemia
  2. Esophageal web
  3. Dysphagia
85
Q

Composition of blood

A

Plasma-55%

Formed elements- 45%

86
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

87
Q

Other term for

  1. WBC
  2. RBC
  3. Platelets
A
  1. Leukocytes
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
88
Q

Increase in

  1. WBC
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Platelets
  4. RBC
A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Lymphocytosis
  3. Thrombocytosis
  4. Polycythemia vera/erythrocytosis
89
Q

Decrease in

  1. WBC
  2. RBC
  3. Lymphocytes
  4. Thrombocytes
A
  1. Leukopenia/leukocytopenia
  2. Anemia
  3. Lymphocytopenia
  4. Thrombocytopenia
90
Q

Increase or decrease in neutrophil count indicates

A

Bacterial infection

91
Q

Increase or decrease in lymphocyte count indicates

A

Viral infection

92
Q

Normal value of WBC

A

4,500 to 11,000 cells/ microliters of blood

10,000 cells/microliters of blood

93
Q

Types of WBC

A

Granulocytes/ Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

  1. Basophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Neutrophil

Agranulocytes

  1. Monocytes
  2. Lymphocytes
94
Q

Most to least numerous WBC

A 
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
95
Q

Largest leukocyte

A

Monocyte

96
Q

Smallest leukocyte

A

Lymphocyte

97
Q

Precursors of macrophages

A

Monocytes

98
Q

Enzymes released by basophil

A

Histamine (inflammatory)

Heparin (anticoagulant & anti-inflammatory)

99
Q

WBC that kills parasites and modulates inflammation

A

Eosinophil

100
Q

First line of defense

A

Neutrophil

101
Q

Important for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocyte

102
Q

B-lymphocyte is discovered from

A

Bursa of fabricius of a bird

103
Q

WBC

  1. Dark blue/purple granules
  2. Red/dark pink granules
  3. Faint/light pink granules
A
  1. Basophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Neutrophil
104
Q

WBC

  1. Bilobed or S-shaped nucleus
  2. Single nucleus (indented/C-shaped/Kidney-shaped)
  3. Spherical nucleus
  4. 3 to 5 lobes
A
  1. Basophils
  2. Monocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
  4. Neutrophils
105
Q

Normal RBC

  1. Male
  2. Female
A
  1. 5 to 6 million cells/microliter of blood

2. 4 to 5 million cells/microliter of blood

106
Q

Most important mineral for RBC production

A

Iron

107
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

108
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB+

109
Q

Iron is absorbed in

A

Duodenum

110
Q

Not cells, only fragments of bone marrow known as megakaryocytes

A

Thrombocytes

111
Q

Capillary fragility test also known as

A

Tourniquet/ Rumpel-leede test

112
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

113
Q

Determines the fragility of capillaries

A

Platelets

114
Q

Normal Platelets

A

150,000 to 450,000 cells/microliter of blood

115
Q

Plasma cells are from

A

B-cells

116
Q

Cells that produce antibodies/immunoglobulins

A

Plasma cells

117
Q

Appearance of the nucleus of plasma cells

A

Clockface/cartwheel nucleus

118
Q

Ig that can cross placental barrier

A

IgG (lasts for 6 months)

119
Q

Mucosal secretions

A

IgA

120
Q

1st line of defense of Ig

A

IgM

121
Q

Exchange system of BV

A

Capillaries

122
Q

Fluids within the lymphatic vessel

A

Lymph

123
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. Absorbs fluid not absorbed by veins

2. Filters fluid in circulatory system

124
Q

Largest lymphatic duct

A

Left lymphatic duct/thoracic duct

125
Q

Largest lymphatic vessels in the body

A

Lymphatic ducts

126
Q

Dilated sac at the lower end of thoracic duct

A

Cisterna chyli

127
Q

Cisterna chyli drains lymph from

A

Intestinal and lumbar area

128
Q

Lymphatic ducts drains

A

At the junction of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

129
Q

Red pulp of the spleen contains

A

RBC and Macrophages

130
Q

White pulp of the spleen contains

A

B and T lymphocytes

General (4 decks)

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