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MD1- Histology and Cell Biology > Connective Tissue 1 > Flashcards

Connective Tissue 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Connective tissue comprises one of the four basic tissue types

  • forms a framework upon which epithelial tissue rests and within which nerve tissue and muscle tissue are embedded
  • Blood vessels and nerves travel through connective tissue
  • provide a matrix that connects and binds cells and organs
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2
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  • transport nutrients and metabolites
  • immunological defense
  • ## mechanical support
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3
Q

Connective tissue components

A
  • cells
  • extracellular matrix : fibers, ground substance
  • cells of connective tissue are not directly attached to one another
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4
Q

Origin of Connective Tissue

A
  • originate from the mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue formed by elongated cells
  • mesodermal cells migrate from their origin site and surround and penetrate developing organs
  • connective tissue cell lineage derived from the multipotential embryonic mesenchyme
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5
Q

Connective tissues cells can be resident or wandering. What is the difference?

A

Resident cell population: permanent residents

Wandering or transient cell populations: cells that migrate into CT from blood

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6
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most common cells in connective tissue and are responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix

  • only the nucleus is visible in H & E preparations
  • Two stages of activity- active and quiescent -are observed in these cells
  • a) The active fibroblast has an abundant and irregular branched cytoplasm
  • b) The quiescent fibroblast or fibrocyte is smaller than the active fibroblast and tends to be spindle shaped
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7
Q

Macrophages

A
  • they are phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
  • connective tissue macrophasges are also called histiocytes
  • characterized by an irregular surface with pleats, protusions, and indentations, a morphological expression of their active pinocytotic and phagocytic activities
  • act as defense elements
  • important role in removing cell debris and damaged extracellular components
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8
Q

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

A
  • is a specialized form of chronic inflammation characterized by small aggregates of modified macrophages ( epithelioid cell and multinucleated giant cells usually populated by CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes
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9
Q

Mast cells

A
  • large ovoid CT cells, with a spherical nucleus and cytoplasm filled with large basophilic secretory granules
  • originate from progenitor cells in the bone marrow
  • surface of mast cells contains specific receptors for immunoglobulin
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10
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • release of the chemical mediators stored in mast cells promotes the allergic reactions known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions
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11
Q

Adipose Cells

A
  • connective tissue cells that have become specialized for storage of neutral fats or for the production of heat
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12
Q

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

A
  • present in loose CT, differentiate into cells that are required in repair and formation of new tissue
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13
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • ovoid cells that have a basophilic cytoplasm due to their richness in rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • derived from B lymphocytes and are responsible for the synthesis of antibodies
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14
Q

Leukocytes

A

The normal connective tissue contains leukocytes that migrate through the walls of capillaries and postcapillary venules from the blood to connective tissue by a process called diapedesis

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15
Q

Connective
tissue
fibers

A
  • are present in various amounts depending on the structural needs or function of the connective tissue
  • Three main types of connective tissue fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic
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16
Q

Collagen fibers and fibrils

A

1) collagens that form long fibrils: molecules of long fibril-forming collagens aggregate to form fibrils clearly visible in the electron microscope
2) Fibril- associated collagens: short structures that bind collagen fibrils to one another and to other components of the extra cellular matrix
3) Collagen that form networks: The molecules of the network- forming collagen or type 4 collagen assemble in a meshwork that constitutes the structural component of the basal lamina
4) Collagens that form anchoring fibrils: anchoring collagen, or type 7 collagen is present in the anchoring fibrils that bind collagen fibers to the basal lamina

17
Q

Reticular fibers

A
  • particularly abundant in smooth muscle endoneuriu and the framework of hematopoitetic organs,, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone and constitute a network around the cells of parenchymal organs
18
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension
  • composed of two structures , a central core of elastin and surrounded by fibrillin microfibrils
  • elastin: is a protein that forms fibers of varibale thickness or lamellar layers as in elastic arteries
  • fibrillim: is a glycoprotein that forms fine microfibrils; the microfibrils are formed first, elastin material is then deposited on the surface of microfibrils
19
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • occupies the space between the cells and fibers

- Ground substance is a highly hydrophilic, viscous complex of: 1) anionic macromolecules 2) multiadhesive glycoproteins

20
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A
  • linear polysaccharides formed by repeating disaccharide units usually composed of a uronic acid and a hexosamine
21
Q

Proteoglycans

A
  • composed of a core protein associated with the four main glycosaminoglycans: dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate
  • have been shown to be bound to a hyaluronic acid chain forming larger molecules- proteoglycan aggregates called aggrecan
  • aggrecan: responsible for hydration of ECM of cartilage
  • decorin: collagen fibrilogenesis, regulates thickness of the fiber
  • versican: cell to cell and cell to ECM interaction
  • syndecan: transmembrane proteoglycan binds collagen, heparing, tenacin, and fibronectin tointercellular cytoskeletal actins
22
Q

Multiadhesive glycoporteins

A
  • compound that contain a protein moiety to which carbohydrates are attached
  • functions: attachment, adhesion, motility, and growth & differentiation
  • fibronectin is a glycoprotein synthesized by fibroblasts and some epithelial cells
  • laminin is a large glycoprotein that participates in the adhesion of epithelial cells
23
Q

Degradation of the extracellular matrix

A
  • can be degraded by matrix metalloproteinases, a family of zinc-dependent proteases
  • the activity pf matrix metalloproteinases in the extracellular space can be speciffically inhibited by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
24
Q

Member of the family of matrix metalloproteinases

A
  • Collagenases: MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP13 can degrade types 1,2,3,5 collagens
  • Gelatinases can degrade a number of ECM molecules including type 4,5,6 collagens, laminin, and aggrecan core proteins
  • Stromelysins degrade basement membrane components
  • Matrilysins
25
Q

Classification of Connective tissues

A

1) Embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue
2) connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue
3) Specialized connective tissue: adipose tissue, cartilage and bone, blood and hemopoietic tissue, lymphatic tissue

26
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • embryonic connective tissue primarily found in embryo
27
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A
  • has an abundance of ground substance composed primarliy of hyaluronic acid and are mainly in the fibroblast
28
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • loosely arranged fibers and abundant cells of various type
  • supports many structures that are normally under pressure and low friction
  • fills space between groups of muscle cells
  • moderate amount of collagen elastic and reticular fibers
29
Q

Dense CT

A
  • less flexible and far more resistant to stress than is loose connective tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue: contains more fibers and the collagen fibers are arranged in bundles without a definite orientation; found in reticular dermis and capsules of various organs
  • Dense regular tissue: characterized by ordered and densely packed arrays of fibers and cells; aligned witht the linear orientation of fibroblasts in response to prolonged stresses exerted in the same direction
30
Q

Tendons:

A

elongated cylindrical structures attach striated muscle to bone

31
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • specialized connective tissue that plays an important role of energy homeostasis
  • one of the largest organs in the body
  • very efficient energy storage tissue
  • continuous turnover and is sensitive to both nervous and hormonal stimuli
32
Q

Unilocular ( white) adipose

A
  • composed of cells that when completely developed, contain one large central droplet of yellow fat in their cytoplasm for reserves of long term energy and also as endocrine organ
  • found throughout the human body except for the eyelids, the penis, the scrotum, and the entire auricle of the external ear
  • age and sex determine the distribution
  • subdivided into incomplete lobules by a partition of connective tissue containing a rich vascular bed and network of nerves
33
Q

Multilocular (brown) adipose

A

composed of cells that contain numerous lipid droplets and abundant brown mitochondria

MD1- Histology and Cell Biology (10 decks)

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